Table 2.
Characteristics of studies included in meta-analysis concerning the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder in patients with bipolar disorder (see online
| Study | Location | Diagnostic group | Criteria for diagnosis | Procedure for diagnosis | n | Age | Male (%) | Prevalence, n (%) |
Comments |
| Altshuler et al (2010) | Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Outcome Network | BD-I BD-II |
DSM-IV | SCID | 572 139 |
Male: 43.5±12.4 Female: 40.7±10.9 |
34 (4.78%) | 96 (13.5) | >80% BD-I, STANLEY Foundation data |
| Azorin et al (2009) | Sainte Marguerite Hospital, University of Marseilles | BD-I | DSM-IV | SCID | 1090 | 43±14 | 56 (5.1) | Hospitalised patients with acute mania | |
| Chen and Dilsaver (1995); Robins and Regier (1991) | Harris County Psychiatric Centre (HCPC), University of Texas, Houston | BD-I | DSM-III | SCID | 168 | 9 (17.3%) | 35 (20.8) | Epidemiological catchment area | |
| MDD | 557 | 17 (8.3%) | 56 (10.0) | ||||||
| General population | 17 143 | 138 (0.8) | |||||||
| Coryell et al (2009) | Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital in New York City, Rush Presbyterian Hospital in Chicago, Washington University in St Louis, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics in Iowa City | BD-I | DSM-IV | SADS | 290 | Mania: 36.5±13.3 Depression: 36.6±14.4 Cycling: 35.9±11.9 |
17 (4.0) | ||
| BD-II | 143 | ||||||||
| Craig et al (2002) | Suffolk County Mental Health Project (12 inpatient facilities of Suffolk County, New York) Public sector outpatient clinic for the destitute in Starr County National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions |
BD with psychosis | DSM-III-R | SCID, Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version | 138 | 15–60 years | 4 (2.9) | BD with psychosis | |
| MDD with psychosis | 87 | 6 (5.2) | |||||||
| Schiz/schizoaff | 225 | 9 (4.0) | |||||||
| Dilsaver et al (2008) | Suffolk County Mental Health Project (12 inpatient facilities of Suffolk County, New York) | BD | DSM-IV | SCID | 69 | BD: 34.9±11.8 Unipolar: 36.9±12.8 |
BD: 36.2% Unipolar: 31.2% |
39 (56.5) | Data from Latinos |
| MDD | 118 | 27 (22.9) | |||||||
| Goldstein and Levitt (2008) | Public sector outpatient clinic for the destitute in Starr County | BD | DSM-IV | SCID | 1411 | Male: 35.3±16.7 Female: 40±16.2 |
432 (74.6%) | 853 (60.4) | 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions |
| Henry et al (2003) | Charles Perrens Hospital, Bordeaux, Chenevier Hospital, Creteil | BD | DSM-IV | French version of DIGS | 318 | 53.3±15.1 | 41% | 52 (16.4) | 75% BD-I, half psychotic currently or longitudinal |
| Kawa et al (2005) | South Island Bipolar Study in New Zealand (Otago, Southland, and Canterbury regions of New Zealand) | BD | DSM-IV | DIGS | 211 | Male: 43 Female: 44 |
17 (15.0%) | 41 (19.4) | |
| Kessler et al (1997) | National Comorbidity Survey of the USA | BD | DSM-III-R | CIDI | 29 | 15–54 | 49.1% | 8 (33.1) | BD-I National Comorbidity Survey |
| Levander et al (2007) | Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network (University of California Los Angeles; University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas; University of Cincinnati; NIMH, Bethesda; University Medical Centre, Utrecht; University of Munich | BD-I | DSM-IV | SCID | 276 | AUD: 41.6±11.2 No AUD: 41.7±11.2 |
28 (8.0%) | 54 (19.5) | STANLEY Foundation data, 2/3 with alcohol use |
| BD-II | 71 | 18 (25.4) | |||||||
| Schizoaff | 3 | 0 (0) | |||||||
| McElroy et al (2001b) | Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Outcome Network | BD | DSM-IV | SCID-P and clinician-administered and self-rated questionnaires | 288 | 42.8±11.3 | 58 (20.1) | STANLEY Foundation data | |
| Mula et al (2008) | Multicentre Italian study University Hospital Outpatient Psychiatric Department of the University of Pisa and from three collaborating community mental health centre outpatient clinics |
BD-I | DSM-IV | SCID-I, SCID-P | 70 | 41.3±11.6 | 43% | 50 (27.6) | |
| BD-II | 51 | 48.1±11.7 | 43% | ||||||
| MDD | 60 | 49.2±11 | 30% | ||||||
| Nakagawa et al (2008) | Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network (University of California Los Angeles; University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas; University of Cincinnati; NIMH, Bethesda; University Medical Centre, Utrecht; University of Munich | BD | DSM-III-R | SCID | 116 | 18–73 years | 34.5% | 37 (31.9) | BD depression |
| Pini et al (1997) | Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Outcome Network | BD | DSM-III-R | SCID-P and clinician-administered and self-rated questionnaires | 24 | 37.9±12.0 | 11 (45.4%) | 9 (36.8) | BD depression |
| MDD | 38 | 15 (24.0) | |||||||
| Dysthymia | 25 | ||||||||
| Rihmer et al (2001) | BD-I | DSM-III-R | Hungarian version of the DIS | 95 | 18–64 years | 7 (7.4) | Patients with BD-I and BD-II, Hungarian epidemiological study | ||
| BD-II | 24 | 3 (12.5) | |||||||
| MDD | 443 | 55 (12.4) | |||||||
| Schaffer et al (2006) | Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being | BD | DSM-IV | WMH-CIDI | 852 | 37.3±13.7 | 60 (15.5%) | 164 (19.3) | Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being |
| Simon et al (2004) | STEP-BD (multicentre project funded by the NIMH, USA) | BD-I | DSM-IV | Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI Plus V.5.0) | 360 | 41.7±12.8 | 40.6% | 66 (18.3) | STEP-BD data |
| BD-II | 115 | 16 (13.9) | |||||||
| Slama et al (2004) | Two university-affiliated hospitals (in Paris and Bordeaux, France) | BD | DSM-IV | Semistructured diagnostic interviews (the DIGS and the Family Interview for Genetic Studies) | 307 | 44.2±14.7 | 124 (40.4%) | 25 (7.9) | Patients in remission |
| Szadoczky et al (1998) | BD | DSM-III-R | Hungarian version of the DIS | 149 | 44% | 16 (10.6) | Epidemiological study | ||
| MDD | 443 | 55 (12.4) | |||||||
| Tamam and Ozpoyraz (2002) | Balcali Hospital, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey | BD-I | DSM-IV | SCID, Hamilton Depression Scale, Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale | 70 | 33.4±10.3 | 29 (41.6%) | 7 (10.0) | BD-I |
| Yerevanian et al (2001) | Mood disorders clinic of a major university centre Bipolar Clinic of the Mood Disorders Programme, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, University of Toronto |
BD-I: 8 | DSM-III | SCID-P SADS-Longitudinal Version |
8 | 40.4±15.1 | 5 (62.5%) | 2 (5.7) | Most patients with BD-II |
| BD-II: 27 | 27 | 39.5±11.8 | 13 (51.9%) | ||||||
| MDD | 98 | 18 (18.4) | |||||||
| Young et al (1993) | Psychotic disorders unit, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA | BD | NA | SCID-I | 81 | 37.6 | 32 (39.5%) | 26 (32.1) | |
| Young et al (2013) | National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India | BD | DSM-IV-TR | SCID-CV | 304 | 36.92±13.55 | 49.34% | 21 (6.9) | |
| Zutshi et al (2006) | Hospitals of Taiwan | BD | DSM-IV | Chinese versions of CIDI and SCID | 80 | 30.06±7.77 | 57 (71%) | 6 (7.5) | BD patients in remission |
| Controls | 50 | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
| Tsai et al (2012) | BD-I | DSM-IV | Hungarian version of the DIS | 306 | 37.07±12.3 | 147 (48.03%) | 36 (12.6) |
AUD, alcohol use disorder; BD, bipolar disorder; CIDI, Composite International Diagnostic Interview; DIGS, Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies; DIS, Diagnostic Interview Schedule; DSM, Diagnostic Statistic Manual; DSM-III-R, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised; DSM-IV-TR, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (Text Revision); MDD, major depressive disorder; NA, not available; NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health; SADS, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizofrenia; Schiz, schizophrenia; Schizoaff, schizo-affective disorder; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM; SCID-I, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Axis I Disorders; SCID-CV, Structured Clinic Interview for DSM, Clinician Version; SCID-P; Structured Clinic Interview for DSM, Patient Version; STEP-BD, Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for BD; WMH, WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative.