TABLE 3.

Products or clinical trials related to skin pigmentation developed in recent years, main functions, innovations and results.

Products/Clinical trials	Main function	Innovation points	Results	References
Skin pigmentation disease detection tools	Detection and diagnosis of pigmentation disorders with accuracy	Using advanced imaging techniques such as dermoscopy and spectral analysis	Providing accurate diagnosis results to help doctors develop treatment plans	Kapsokalyvas et al. (2013), Hosking et al. (2019), Annaby et al. (2021), Tajerian et al. (2023)
Laser technology	Using laser energy to break up melanin particles and promote cell growth	High power and accurate control	Improve skin appearance and adapt to different types of pigmentary diseases	Hantash et al. (2006), Wat et al. (2017)
Removal of oxygen delivery apparatus experiment	Delivery of high concentrations of oxygen to the skin	Accelerated skin metabolism	Reduce skin pigmentation and improve skin condition	Ryu et al. (2009), Avadhani et al. (2017), Duarah et al. (2017), Tang et al. (2021b), Liu et al. (2023)
Gene vaccines that inhibit TYR	Injection of the vaccine inhibits the expression of the TYR gene	Identify and solve the problem at the genetic level	Reduce the conversion of tyrosine to melanin	Yan et al. (2014), Krotova et al. (2023)
Photodynamic therapy	Pigmentation reduction	The use of specific wavelengths of light to stimulate melanocytes reduces pigmentation	Effectively reduce pigmentation and improve skin appearance	Nietsche (1978), Allison and Sibata (2010), Cox et al. (2021)
Autologous stem cell transplantation experiments in patients with pigmentation	The patient’s own stem cells are transplanted into the damaged skin area	Absence of immune response	Repair the skin from deep layers	Zhou et al. (2013), Amini-Nik et al. (2018)
Microneedle radio frequency technology	Utilizing a combination of microneedles and radio frequency technology	Combination of technologies	Promote skin blood circulation and increase metabolism in pigmented areas	Min et al. (2016), Kim et al., 2020 (2022), Lin et al. (2022a)