Table 2. Intervention strategies and outcomes.
DASHNa-CC = dietary approaches to stop hypertension with sodium reduction for Chinese Canadians; BP = blood pressure; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; BMI = body mass index
| Study | Intervention | Numerical decrease/increase in hypertension |
| Zou et al. [13] | DASHNa-CC intervention | Decrease in SBP: 3.8 mmHg |
| Sarkkinen E et al. [14] | Smart Salt | Reduction in SBP: -7.5 mmHg |
| Zhao et al. [15] | Low-sodium and high-potassium salt substitute | Reduction in SBP: -8.2 mmHg; reduction in DBP: -3.4 mmHg |
| Hansen et al. [16] | Aerobic interval training | Reduction in ambulatory 24-hour BP: SBP -12 mmHg, DBP -8 mmHg |
| Badrov et al. [17] | Isometric handgrip training (IHGT) | Resting BP: Δ8/5 mmHg; systolic BP reactivity to the SST (Δ7 mmHg) and IHGT (Δ8 mmHg) was reduced |
| Taylor et al. [18] | Isometric handgrip training | Resting systolic pressure and mean arterial pressure decreased; SBP decreased in the training group (156 ± 9.4 mmHg to 137 ± 7.8 mmHg) versus the control group (152 ± 7.8 mmHg to 144 ± 11.8 mmHg) |
| Edwards et al. [19] | Exercise-only or Exercise plus DASH diet | Both intervention groups showed increases in heart rate recovery (HRR) and significant reductions in BP from pre- to post-intervention; BP post-intervention was significantly predicted by change in HRR when controlling for pre-BP, age, gender, and BMI |
| Stewart et al. [20] | Combined aerobic and resistance training | Mean decreases in SBP and DBP, respectively, were 5.3 and 3.7 mmHg among exercisers and 4.5 and 1.5 mmHg among controls |
| Elmer et al. [21] | Multicomponent behavioral intervention | Both behavioral interventions statistically significantly reduced weight, fat intake, and sodium intake; the odds ratios for hypertension at 18 months were 0.83 (95% CI = 0.67 to 1.04) for the established group and 0.77 (95% CI = 0.62 to 0.97) for the established plus DASH group |
| Burke et al. [22] | Multifactorial lifestyle modification | Mean 24-hour ambulatory BP changed significantly with the lifestyle program (-4.1/-2.1 ± 0.7/0.5 mmHg) compared to controls (-1.0/-0.3 ± 0.5/0.4 mmHg); 41% in the control group and 43% in the program group maintained the drug withdrawal status |