Table 2. Annual Global Hydrogen Consumption (EJ) by Each End-Use Sector in 2050 for Two of the Core Scenariosa.
| Scenario | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Dedicated H2 T&D, Reference Demand | Pipeline H2 T&D, High Demand | |||||||
| Sector | Final energy (EJ) | H2 demand (EJ) | % final energy | % service output | Final energy (EJ) | H2 demand (EJ) | % final energy | % service output |
| Industry | 278.9 | 8.2 | 3.0% | — | 281.4 | 12.5 | 4.4% | — |
| Cement | 15.3 | 1.2 | 7.6% | — | 15.3 | 1.4 | 9.1% | — |
| Other industrial energy use | 196.3 | 7.1 | 3.6% | — | 198.5 | 11.1 | 5.6% | — |
| Transportation | 135.0 | 2.6 | 1.9% | — | 134.2 | 8.0 | 6% | — |
| Passenger Vehicle | 39.0 | 0.6 | 1.4% | 1.5% | 38.6 | 3.0 | 7.7% | 8.3% |
| Bus | 6.0 | 0.6 | 9.8% | 22.1% | 6.0 | 0.7 | 11.1% | 24.6% |
| Freight Road | 47.8 | 0.7 | 1.5% | 1.7% | 47.1 | 2.8 | 6.0% | 6.9% |
| Freight Rail | 3.8 | 0.7 | 17.3% | 16.5% | 4.0 | 0.8 | 20.7% | 19.7% |
| Domestic Shipping | 2.3 | 0.03 | 1.4% | 1.5% | 2.3 | 0.2 | 8.2% | 8.7% |
| International Shipping | 13.2 | 0.1 | 0.6% | 0.7% | 13.2 | 0.6 | 4.4% | 5.5% |
| Buildings | 171.0 | 0 | 0% | — | 171.9 | 1.5 | 0.9% | — |
| Heat | 33.2 | 0 | 0% | — | 33.5 | 0.9 | 2.7% | — |
| Other | 121.3 | 0 | 0% | — | 121.7 | 0.6 | 0.5% | — |
| Total | 584.9 | 10.8 | 1.9% | — | 587.4 | 22.0 | 3.7% | — |
a
Values (EJ and %) are rounded to the nearest tenth if larger than or equal to 0.05 (otherwise values are presented to the nearest hundredth). ‘Other industrial energy use’ refers to the GCAM sector “industrial energy use”. The subsector “Other” within the buildings sector refers to the sum of GCAM’s “residential other” and “commercial other” subsectors. Hydrogen contained within the hydrogen/natural gas blend is included within these values. Subsectors will not sum to the sector total given that there are subsectors that do not consume hydrogen and are thus not reported here (e.g., building cooling, aviation, industrial feedstocks, N fertilizer production, and energy for water).