Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characterization of the sample and between-group differences at the baseline.
| Total Sample (N = 73) | CG (N = 35) | EG (N = 38) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dichotomous variables | Level 0 vs. Level 1 | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Logistic models | |
| Estimate | p | |||||
| Sociodemographic data | ||||||
| Sex | Male vs. Female | 64 (87.7) | 31 (88.6) | 33 (86.8) | 0.16 | 0.822 |
| Professional profile | Active/unemployed vs. Retired | 25 (34.2) | 11 (31.4) | 14 (36.8) | −0.24 | 0.627 |
| Marital status | Married vs. Othera | 55 (75.3) | 26 (74.3) | 29 (76.3) | −0.11 | 0.841 |
| Clinical data | ||||||
| Hypertension | No vs. Yes | 9 (12.3) | 4 (11.4) | 5 (13.2) | −0.16 | 0.822 |
| Cholesterol | No vs. Yes | 10 (13.7) | 5 (14.3) | 5 (13.2) | 0.10 | 0.889 |
| Obesity (BMI > 30) | No vs. Yes | 53 (72.6) | 28 (80.0) | 25 (65.8) | 0.73 | 0.178 |
| Diabetes Mellitus type 2 | No vs. Yes | 40 (54.8) | 18 (51.4) | 22 (57.9) | −0.26 | 0.579 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (Str,TIA) | No vs. Yes | 63 (86.3) | 30 (85.7) | 33 (86.8) | −0.10 | 0.889 |
| Ischemic heart disease | No vs. Yes | 52 (71.2) | 26 (74.3) | 26 (68.4) | 0.29 | 0.581 |
| COPD | No vs. Yes | 58 (79.5) | 31 (88.6) | 27 (71.1) | 1.15 | 0.073^ |
| Heart failure | No vs. Yes | 70 (95.9) | 33 (94.3) | 37 (97.4) | −0.81 | 0.518 |
| Osteoarticular disease | No vs. Yes | 52 (71.2) | 25 (71.4) | 27 (71.1) | 0.02 | 0.972 |
| Liver disease | No vs. Yes | 69 (94.5) | 34 (97.1) | 35 (92.1) | 1.07 | 0.365 |
| Extreme anxiety (GAI-SF = 5) | No vs. Yes | 47 (64.4) | 24 (68.6) | 23 (60.5) | 0.35 | 0.474 |
| Medication | ||||||
| Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) | No vs. Yes | 18 (24.7) | 4 (11.4) | 14 (36.8) | −1.51 | 0.016* |
| Clopidogrel | No vs. Yes | 58 (79.5) | 32 (91.4) | 26 (68.4) | 1.59 | 0.022* |
| Statins | No vs. Yes | 6 (8.2) | 1 (2.9) | 5 (13.2) | −1.64 | 0.144 |
| Pentoxifylline | No vs. Yes | 60 (82.2) | 28 (80.0) | 32 (84.2) | −0.29 | 0.639 |
| Insulin | No vs. Yes | 65 (89.0) | 32 (91.4) | 33 (86.8) | 0.48 | 0.534 |
| Cilostazol | No vs. Yes | 52 (71.2) | 20 (57.1) | 32 (84.2) | −1.39 | 0.013* |
| NOACs | No vs. Yes | 65 (89.0) | 31 (88.6) | 34 (89.5) | −0.09 | 0.902 |
| Warfarin | No vs. Yes | 69 (94.5) | 34 (97.1) | 35 (92.1) | 1.07 | 0.365 |
| Oral antidiabetic agents | No vs. Yes | 40 (54.8) | 18 (51.4) | 22 (57.9) | −0.26 | 0.579 |
| Beta-blockers | No vs. Yes | 53 (72.6) | 26 (74.3) | 27 (71.1) | 0.16 | 0.757 |
| Antihypertensive agents | No vs. Yes | 19 (26.0) | 8 (22.9) | 11 (28.9) | −0.32 | 0.554 |
| Lifestyle | ||||||
| Drinking history | No vs. Yes | 18 (24.7) | 10 (28.6) | 8 (21.1) | 0.41 | 0.458 |
| Smoking history | Active smoker vs. Non-smoker | 33 (45.2) | 14 (40.0) | 19 (50.0) | −0.41 | 0.392 |
| Continuous variables | Min—Max | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | Regression models | |
| Estimate | p | |||||
| Age (years) | 50—80 | 64.0 (7.16) | 64.9 (7.61) | 63.3 (6.73) | −1.63 | 0.326 |
| Education (years) | 0—21 | 6.6 (3.95) | 6.2 (4.15) | 7.0 (3.78) | 0.11 | 0.387 |
| Medications (number) | 2—7 | 4.1 (1.27) | 4.3 (1.18) | 3.9 (1.32) | −0.11 | 0.127 |
| Ankle-brachial index (ABI) | ||||||
| Right ABI pre-exercise | 0.35—1.09 | 0.71 (0.19) | 0.72 (0.20) | 0.69 (0.19) | −0.03 | 0.537 |
| Right ABI post-exercise | 0.21—1.21 | 0.64 (0.23) | 0.64 (0.25) | 0.65 (0.21) | 0.002 | 0.968 |
| Left ABI pre-exercise | 0.30—1.23 | 0.70 (0.18) | 0.72 (0.19) | 0.67 (0.16) | −0.05 | 0.191 |
| Left ABI post-exercise | 0.20—1.17 | 0.62 (0.22) | 0.63 (0.24) | 0.61 (0.21) | −0.02 | 0.697 |
| Smoking (years) | 20—60 | 44.8 (8.00) | 45.9 (7.13) | 44.1 (8.70) | −1.81 | 0.513 |
| Number of diagnoses | 2—8 | 4.6 (1.45) | 4.3 (1.30) | 4.8 (1.57) | 0.09 | 0.209 |
a
Other = Common-law marriage, widowed, single, or divorced. For dichotomous variables, logistic regression was conducted. For continuous variables, COM-Poisson models have been used in the following cases: education, medications, and diagnosis; all the other cases used normal distribution. Significance: ^p < 0.1, *p < 0.05. Significant (or marginally significant) values are highlighted in bold.