Table 2.
Statistical summary of LCM concentrations in the environment.
| Sample type | Sample description | Concentration |
Number of compounds | Sample year | Region or country | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range | Median | Mean | ||||||
| Dust | Indoor dust (ng/g) | – | – | – | 12 | 2016, 2019 | Örebro, Sweden | [33] |
| Indoor dust (ng/g) | 63–430 | – | – | 13 | Sweden | [34] | ||
| Indoor dust (ng/g dw) | 0.13−2,213 | – | – | 33 | 2018 | Nanjing, China | [6] | |
| Indoor dust (ng/g) | 17.3–529 | 41.6 | 87.2 | 60 | 2017 | China | [15] | |
| Outdoor dust (ng/g) | ND–441 | 94.7 | 113 | |||||
| Indoor dust from cybercafés (ng/g) | 4.40–2,540 | 106 | 326 | 2021 | Tianjin, China | |||
| Indoor dust from phone repair stores (ng/g) | 2.37–991 | 171 | 240 | |||||
| LCD e-waste indoor dust (ng/g) | 225−976,000 | 18,500 | 82,000 | 39 (FBA) | 2020 | Yichun, China | [8] | |
| Non-LCD e-waste indoor dust (ng/g) | 292−18,500 | 2,300 | 3,290 | |||||
| LCD e-waste indoor dust (ng/g) | 29.8−269,000 | 3,470 | 18,700 | 7 (BAs) | ||||
| Non-LCD e-waste indoor dust (ng/g) | 45.3−3,210 | 411 | 643 | |||||
| Sediment | Sediments from rivers around LCM/LCD manufactures (ng/g dw) | 0.032–554 | – | 26.1 | 39 | 2021 | Jiangsu, China | [9] |
| Sediments from Taihu Lake (ng/g dw) | 0.033–0.193 | – | 0.076 | Taihu Lake, China | ||||
| Sediments from rivers around e-waste recycling site areas (ng/g dw) | – | – | 1.15 | Taizhou, China | ||||
| Sediments from rivers around LCM/LCD manufactures (ng/g dw) | 31.0−1,603 | – | – | 1,173 (Suspect screening) | Jiangsu, China | [16] | ||
| Sediments from Taihu Lake (ng/g dw) | 30.9 | – | – | Taihu lake, China | ||||
| Sediments from rivers around e-waste recycling site areas (ng/g dw) | 291 | – | – | Taizhou, China | ||||
| Sediments from Pearl River Estuary (ng/g dw) | 0.90–31.1 | – | – | 39 | 2018 | Pearl River Estuary, China | [17] | |
| Leachate | Leachate (ng/L) | 1,120 | – | – | 39 | 2021 | Hong Kong, China | [10] |
| 409 | – | – | Shenzhen, China | |||||
| Dust | Indoor dust from LCD e-waste workshop (ng/g) | 21,600−354,000 | 67,400 | 97,800 | 55 | 2020 | Central China | [7] |
| Outdoor dust from non-LCD e-waste workshop (ng/g) | 4,720−38,300 | 11,000 | 12,600 | |||||
| Industry park outdoor dust (ng/g) | 3,450−15,300 | 6,950 | 7,310 | |||||
| Reference indoor dust from resident areas (ng/g) | 54−1,050 | 303 | 399 | |||||
| Skin wipes | Hand wipes from dismantling workers (ng/m2) | 9,980−1,197,000 | 46,100 | 129,000 | ||||
| Forehead wipes from dismantling workers (ng/m2) | 13,200−2,071,000 | 62,100 | 244,000 | |||||
| Reference wipes from residents (ng/m2) | 1,350−22,000 | 4,160 | 6,030 | |||||
| Serum | Serum samples from dismantling workers (ng/mL) | 3.9–26.3 | 8.0 | – | 2015 | South China | ||
| 7.78–276 | 35.2 | 51.9 | 60 | [12] | ||||
| Serum samples from reference population (ng/mL) | 3.16–28.5 | 9.59 | 11.3 | |||||
| Air and particulate | E-waste recycling industrial park indoor air (gaseous) (pg/m3) | 66,200−243,000 | 158,000 | – | 93 | 2020 | South China | [11] |
| E-waste recycling industrial park indoor air (particulate) (pg/m3) | 2,690−142,000 | 46,900 | – | |||||
| Soil | Agricultural zone (ng/g) | ND−250 | 0.64 | 12.9 | 39 | 2019 | South China | [13] |
| Commercial zone (ng/g) | ND−24.0 | 0.49 | 5.23 | |||||
| Residential zone (ng/g) | ND−7.65 | 0.63 | 3.30 | |||||
| Industrial zone (ng/g) | ND−8.73 | 0.91 | 2.48 | |||||
| Scenic zone (ng/g) | ND−1.71 | 0.25 | 0.77 | |||||
| Biota | Invertebrates (ng/g ww) | ND−7.36 | 0.13 | – | 15 | – | Shen Zhen, China | [14] |
| Fish (ng/g ww) | ND−29.7 | 9.5 | – | |||||
ND, not detected; dw, dry weight; ww, wet weight.