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HMs induce cells damage through disturbing transcription or metabolism processes. NRF2, Keap1-NRF2 signaling; FOXO, forkhead box O; JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factors; JAKs/STATs, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins.
