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. 2022 Nov 29;1(4):229–243. doi: 10.1016/j.eehl.2022.11.003

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© 2022 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 7 — The analysis methods of HMSWs. (a) A setup of the online detection for the evaporation of HMs from fly ash by ICP-OES (Reprinted with permission from ref. [132]. Copyright (2004) American Chemical Society); (b) distribution of the different metal fractions in sludge samples (Reprinted with permission from ref. [133]. Copyright (2017) American Chemical Society); (c) the TEM image and elemental maps of the sludge (Used with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry, from ref. [140], permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.); (d) Cs-STEM-XEDS image of the reduced chromite ore processing residue (Reprinted from ref. [141], Copyright (2021), with permission from Elsevier); (e) the binding modes and adsorption energies (E_ad) of CrO₄²⁻ on hydrocalumite (Ca₄Al₂Cl₂(OH)₁₂·6H₂O) (Reprinted with permission from ref. [138]. Copyright (2021) American Chemical Society); (f) the crystal structure model of CrO₄^2--encapsulated gypsum sludge (Reprinted with permission from ref. [139]. Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society).