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. 2023 Feb 16;2(1):21–23. doi: 10.1016/j.eehl.2023.02.002

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Field application designs of hydrothermal treatment for treating the contaminated soil, solid waste (e.g., sewage sludge), AFFF, and groundwater (a); and proposed key reaction mechanisms of PFAS (PFSAs and PFCAs), transformation processes, and controlling factors in the hydrothermal treatment system (b).