Fig. 2.

Examples of land- or ocean-based technologies for carbon neutrality. (A) Schematic diagram of nitrogen-doped biocarbon preparation and CO₂ adsorption mechanism (Reprinted from ref. [57], Copyright (2022), with permission from Elsevier). (B) Schematic illustration of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (Reprinted from ref. [61], Copyright (2014), with permission from Springer Nature). (C) Schematic diagram of enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis and biohydrogen production of corn straw with an AlCl₃-aided aqueous deep eutectic solvent (Reprinted from ref. [65], Copyright (2022), with permission from Elsevier). (D) Schematic representation of the idealized mechanisms of the mineral-enhanced biological pump (Reprinted from ref. [81], Copyright (2021), with permission from Elsevier). ZIF-8, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8; ChCl, choline chloride; DES, deep eutectic solvent; Bio-H₂, biohydrogen.