Table 2.
Correlation studies of AF and gut microbiota derivatives and metabolites.
| Author (year) | Gut microbiota metabolites | Experimental Methods | conclusion | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang XH,et al. (2019) | Chenodeoxycholic acid | Concentrations of 12 bile acids in serum from patients with paroxysmal AF, persistent AF, type A preexcitation, and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (pSVT) were determined, correlated, and analyzed in relation to areas of low voltage in the left atrium of the AF obtained by measurements of electrodissected specimens during the ablation procedure. The effect of CDCA incubation on apoptosis in mouse atrial myocytes was observed. The effect of CDCA incubation on apoptosis in mouse atrial myocytes was also observed. | Positive correlation between circulating CDCA levels and left atrial low voltage area in patients with AF. Compared with control group, CDCA (75μM,100μM) incubation with the medium significantly increased the proportion of mouse atrial myocyte apoptosis in a concentration dependent manner. | (62) |
| Peter P et al (2013) | BA | BA concentrations in serum samples from 250 patients were determined and analyzed for correlation with AF and ECG parameters. | Serum ursodeoxycholic acid conjugate levels were significantly lower and non-ursodeoxycholic acid levels were higher in patients with AF. | (63) |
| Raul S et al. (2022) | BA | The relationship between the circulating level of microbial metabolites and the incidence of CVD was systematically reviewed. | BAs were associated with all-cause mortality for AF and that elevated levels of glycopyrrolate sulfate and glycopyrrolate were associated with the risk of AF | (64) |
| A Alonso et al. (2015) | BA | Untargeted metabolomic analysis identified a prospective association of 118 serum metabolites with the incidence of newly diagnosed AF in 1919 African American men and women | Elevated levels of two combined BAs (glycol cholate sulfate and ethylene glycol bile sulfate) were associated with an increased incidence of AF and were not associated with other risk factors | (65) |
| Zhang Y,et al. (2022) | LPS | By using the FMT rat model, an attempt was made to investigate whether the heightened susceptibility to atrial fibrillation in older rats could be transmitted to younger hosts via the gut microbiota, as well as and circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and glucose levels in FMT rats. | High susceptibility to atrial fibrillation in aged rats can be transmitted to young hosts via gut flora transplantation, a process associated with a dramatic increase in circulating LPS and glucose levels leading to upregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome expression | (14) |
| Kong B, et al. (2022) | LPS | Fecal microorganisms from normal-diet (ND) and high-fat diet (HD)-fed mice were transplanted into normal-diet mice to investigate whether they increased AF sensitivity, circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels, and TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory vesicle signaling pathway expression. | Gut microbiota dysbiosis may contribute to obesity-associated AF by activating ferritinase and TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways on atrial pathological remodeling. | (48) |
| Leon B et al. (2023) | LPS | Data and blood samples from patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation for the first time (FDAF) (n = 80) and 20 controls were studied. | Circulating LPS levels were elevated in patients with new AF compared to controls and were positively associated with adverse cardiovascular events | (66) |
| K Aoki et al. (2015) |
IS | IS and AF susceptibility as well as oxidative stress and inflammation levels in vivo were observed in 5/6 nephrectomized mice. In cultured atrial fibroblasts incubated with IS, upregulation around the expression of markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and prefibrotic factors was observed. | IS promotes atrial fibrosis and AF and has a direct effect on the progression of AF substrates. | (67) |
| Zuo K,et al. (2022) | SCFA | A 48-person cross-sectional study based on GC-MS metabolomics was conducted to explore the relationship between fecal SCFA levels and AF characteristics. Mouse models fed diets deficient or rich in dietary fiber were established to elucidate the pathophysiological role of SCFA in AF susceptibility, atrial remodeling, and G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)/NLRP3 signaling. | Significantly lower SCFA levels in feces of AF patients. In animal experiments, supplementation with SCFA prevented upregulation of CAMKII and Ryr2 phosphorylation, disorderly fibrosis, collagen expression, and inflammasome activation in atrial tissue. | (68) |
| Lilei Yu,et al (2019) | TMAO | TMAO or saline was locally injected into the 4 major atrial ganglion plexuses (GP) in normal dogs to observe its effect on cardiac ANS and AF induction. In the rapid atrial pacing (RAP)-induced AF model, TMAO or saline was injected into the 4 major atrial GPs to study its effect on AF progression. | TMAO exacerbates the electrophysiological instability of normal canine atria, and the increase in inflammatory cytokines induced by activation of the p65 NF-κB signaling pathway in the plexus may be one of its mechanisms of action. | (69) |
| S Lai et al. (2018) |
TMAO | A metabolomics study of heart appendage and plasma samples from 165 patients with CVD demonstrated comparative differences. | Higher levels of choline in atrial appendage and plasma samples from AF patients compared to the general population of subjects. | (70) |
| G F T Svingen et al. (2018) | TMAO | The relationship between plasma TMAO and atrial fibrillation (AF) was explored in two cohort studies. | Plasma TMAO was associated with incident AF and this relationship was independent of traditional AF risk factors and dietary choline intake. | (71) |