Table 2.

Plant species and families used in ethnoveterinary medicines are arranged, according to their local/Setswana names, medical indications, frequency of mention (F) and methods of preparation, and route of administration.

Family, scientific name, and voucher number	Setswana name	Medical indication(s)	Fb	Method of preparation and route of administration
Amaranthaceae Amaranthus lividus, NRVa 25.	Modinakana	Blood cleansing in cattle. Wounds not healing in livestock.	4 4	Oral, leaf infusion.
Amaryllidaceae Boophone disticha (L.f) Herb, NRVa 22.	Leswama	Fracture in cattle. Post-abortion in cattle. Retained placenta in cattle. Maintenance of subsequent pregnancy after abortion in cattle.	1 1 5 1	Fractures, bulb scales are wrapped around the fracture line before applying the splint made of Acacia Karoo bark. For all other diseases and conditions, oral, bulb decoction.
Apocynaceae Gomphacarpus fruticosus (L.) Aiton f. subsp. Fruticosus, NRVa 36.	Sebogamashi	Retained placenta in cattle. Galac in goats and chickens. Respiratory diseases in chicken.	1 2 2	Oral, root decoction for goats and cattle. For chickens, the root decoction is poured into the drinking water.
Asparagaceae Asparagus nodulosus (Oberm) J.P.Lebrun 7 Stock, NRVa 11.	Radipolwane/ polopolwane	Eye infection in livestock. Retained placenta in cattle.	2 1	Eye infection, warmed root juice eye application. Retained placenta, oral, root decoction.
Asphodelaceae Aloe zebrina Baker, NRVa 07.	Kgophane	Ripening of abscess in livestock. Fleas in poultry. Gastrointestinal parasites in poultry. General health in poultry. Gala in chicken.	2 1 1 3 3	Abscess, heated topical leaf application: The leaves are put on fire to heat them up and then placed on a hard abscess to “ripen,” and after it becomes soft, it will be lanced and cleaned. Chicken diseases: Leaves are put in drinking water.
Asphodelaceae Bulbine abyssinica NRVa 30.	Makgabenyana	Blood cleansing in livestock. Internal sores in livestock.	4 4	Oral, root infusion: Roots combined with roots of S.lichtensteinii and W.somnifera.
Asteraceae Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. var. afra, NRVa 34.	Lengana	Cough in cattle.	4	Oral leaf infusion: Leaves combined with roots of H.caespititium.
Asteraceae Dicoma galpinii F.C. Wilson, NRVa 18.	Tlhlonya	Diarrhoea in cattle and goats. Galac in all animals. Blood cleansing in cattle. Pain in cattle. After abortion. Cleansing the uterus after dystocia. Stomach pain in livestock.	4 4 2 2 3 3 2	Diarrhoea and gala, oral, root infusion, mixed with root of S.italica. Blood cleaning and pain, oral, root decoction, combined with roots of Z.zeyheriana, S.italica and C.aphylla. Abortion and dystocia, oral, root infusion. Stomach pain, oral root decoction.
Asteraceae Helichrysum paronychioides DC, NRVa 15.	Phateyangaka	Coughs in cattle. Blood cleansing in cattle. Pain in livestock. Diarrheoa in calves.	7 2 2 2	Coughs, oral, root infusion, with leaves of A.afra. Blood cleansing and pain, oral, root decoction, combined with roots of S.panduriforme and W. somnifera. Diarrhoea, oral, root decoction combined with roots of Z.zeyheriana.
Asteraceae Kleinia longiflora DC, NRVa 35.	Mosiama	Fracture in livestock. Protect livestock after death in the family (sefifi).	1 3	Metaphysical fracture repair (Go tlhabela thobega). Sefifi, the plant is put in water and spread in the kraal.
Asteraceae Tarchonanthus camphoratus L, NRVa 16.	Mohatlha	To prevent cold in small stock.	2	Leaves put in drinking water.
Brassicaceae Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild NRVa 23.	Monnamontsho	Blood cleansing in cattle. Pain in cattle.	2 2	Oral, root decoction: Combined with roots of Z.zeyheriana, S. italica and D.galpinii.
Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa L. NRVa 38.	Motekwane	Anthelmintic in donkeys and horses.	1	Oral, leaves decoction.
Cucurbitaceae Cuminis myriocarpus Naudin subsp myriocarpus, NRVa 05.	Monyaku	To induce abortion in dogs. To induce vomiting in dog when there was general malaise (gala).	1 2	Oral, fruit juice infusion with milk. Seeds are highly toxic and should not be administered.
Euphorbiaceae Croton gratissimus Burch. var. gratissimus, NRVa 33.	Moologa	Fertility enhancement.	4	Leaves are dried, crushed and mixed with supplement feed or spread in the kraal.
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia serpen Kunths, NRVa 27.	Luetsane	Blood cleansing in cattle.	2	Oral, root decoction, roots mixed with a bit of bulb of D sanguinea.
Fabaceae Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch) Skeels., NRVa 20.	Bosetsana	Blood cleansing in cattle.	1	Oral, rhizome infusion, oral route: The rhizome is crushed and put into water.
Fabaceae Indigofera cryptantha Benth. ex Harv. var. cryptantha, NRVa 10.	‘kofi”	Calf diarrhoea.	1	Oral, root decoction.
Fabaceae Senna italica Mill. subsp. arachoides (Burch) Skeels, NRVa 06.	Sebetebete	Galac. Diarrhoea in cattle and sheep. Retained placenta in cattle. After abortion in livestock. Gastrointestinal parasites in ruminants. General health in livestock. Blood cleansing in cattle. Pain in livestock.	19 20 3 1 1 1 2 2	General preparation, whole plant or root decoction, given orally. Can also be combined with Dicoma galpinii in a root infusion. Blood cleansing and pain, oral root decoction: Combined with roots of Ziziphus zeyheriana, Cadaba aphylla and Dicoma galpinii.
Fabaceae Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Gallaso, NRVa 09.	Mookana	Fracture repair in livestock (Go tlhabela thobega). Fracture repair.	3 3	Go tlhabela thobega, the root powder is included in a metaphysical fracture repair procedure. The bark is used as splints to stabilise fracture line.
Hyacinthaceae Drimia sanguinea (Schinz) Jessop NRVa 12.	Sekaname	Snake bite in cattle. Build immunity against heartwater in cattle and small-stock. To build immunity against Drimia sanguinea for livestock. Blood cleansing in cattle.	4 2 1 1	Snake bite, oral, bulb infusion (a small portion). Heartwater, the bulb is dug out and put into the kraal and animals trample over it so that they get immunity against the plant (exposure treatment). Immunity against D.sanguinea the bulb is crushed and mixed with water and then sprinkled in kraals. Alternatively, the bulb is placed in the kraal for animals to trample over (exposure prophylaxis). Blood cleansing, oral, bulb decoction (a small portion) combined with roots of E.serpens.
Iridaceae Babiana hypogaea Burch NRVa 14.	Thuge	Diarrhoea in goats.	1	Oral, crushed tuber crushed infusion.
Lamiaceae Acrotome inflata Benth NRVa 19.	Mogato	Wounds and abscess in livestock.	4	Oral, root infusion.
Lamiaceae Teucrium trifidum Retz. NRVa 32.	Lethe la noga	Maintenance of pregnancy after cow had aborted.	1	Oral, whole plant is crushed and placed in water.
Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mucronata Willd. subsp. mucronata, NRVa 28.	Mokgalo	Abscess ripening in livestock.	2	Crushed leaves and soft branches poultice, placed on a hard abscess.
Rhamnaceae Ziziphus zeyheriana Sond, NRVa 26.	Sekgalofatshe/Mokgalofatshe	Blood cleansing in cattle. Pain in livestock. Calf diarrhoea.	2 2 2	Blood cleansing and pain, oral root decoction, combined with roots of C.aphylla, S.italica and D.galpinii roots. Diarrhoea, oral, root decoction combined with root of H caespititium or root decoction combined with root of G.flava, The roots of both plants are crushed and boiled together.
Santalaceae Thesium spp., NRVa 08.	Motlhogapele	Diarrhoea in calves and cows. Gastrointestinal parasites in calves.	2 1	Oral, whole plant decoction or root decoction.
Solanaceae Solanum campylacanthum Hochst. ex A.Rich. subsp.panduriforme (Drege ex Dunal) J, NRVa 21.	Tholwane e nyane	Blood cleansing in cattle. Pain in cattle.	2 2	Oral, root decoction: combined with H.caespititium and W.somnifera (root).
Solanaceae Solanum lichtensteinii Willd., NRVa 03.	Tholwane	Blood cleansing in livestock. Internal sores caused by gastrointestinal parasites in livestock.	4 4	Oral, root infusion combined with roots of B. abyssinica and roots of W.somnifera.
Solanaceae Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, NRVa 31.	Modikasope	Internal sores in cattle. Blood cleansing in cattle. Pain in cattle.	4 2 2	Internal sores, oral tuber infusion combined with roots of S.lichtensteinii and B.abyssinica. Blood cleansing and pain, oral, tuber decoction, combined with roots of H.caespititium and S.panduriforme, oral, alternatively, tuber decoction: combined with roots of Helichrysum caespititium and Solanum campylacanthum.
Tiliaceae Grewia flava DC., NRVa 17.	Moretlwa	Calf diarrhoea.	2	Oral, root decoction combined with root of Z.zeyheriana (described under Z.zeyheriana).

^aNRV = Ndou RV for voucher number.

^bF = frequency of mention of the plant.

^cGala = general malaise due to bile reflux in chicken, sheep and goats and can include gallsickness (Anaplasmosis) in cattle.