Table 1.

Characteristics of CRISPR/Cas-based detection methods for non-nucleic acids.

Detection platform	Cas effectors	PAM	Time (min)	LOD	Readout	Detection	Sample type	Reference
CRISPR/Cas12a/exosome	LbCas12a	5′-TTTV	120	3000particles/μL	Fluorophore	Exosome	Blood of plasma	[27]
CRISPR/Cas12a-EV	Cas12a	5′-TTTV	–	100 particles/mL	Fluorescence	Extracellular vesicles	Serum	[23]
iPCCA	Cas12a	5′-TTTV	′∼180	100 fM	Fluorescence	Interleukin-6s	Homogenous solutions	[35]
CaT-SMelor	LbCas12a	5′-TTTV	<30	nM level	Fluorescence	Uric acid	Blood	[28]
Cell-Free	Cas12a	5′-TTTV	′∼120	2 μM	Fluorescence	Small-Molecule	Environmental Samples	[29]
fDNA-Cas12a	LbCas12a	5′-TTTV	<15	0.21 μM/0.10 mM	Fluorescence	ATP/Na+	Plasma	[30]
Aptamer-locker	LbCas12a	5′-TTTV	∼20	38 nM	Fluorescence	Melamine	Infant milk	[60]
Ochratoxin A cas12a	Cas12a	5′-TTTV	∼60	5 ng/mL	Fluorescence	Ochratoxin A	Foods	[61]
LDCC	LbCas12a	5′-TTTV	∼30	0.0005U/mL	Fluorescence	ATP/NAD/PNK	–	[32]
CAFI	Cas12a	5′-TTTV	240	1 fg/mL (58.8 aM)	Fluorescence	IFNɤ	Serum, whole blood, perspiration and saliva	[36]
CSEDLI	Cas12a	5′-TTTV	60	0.48 nM	Fluorescence	Lead ion	Environmental Samples	[41]
CEACNp	Cas12a	5′-TTTV	30	16.5 pg/mL	Electrochemical aptasensor	Nucleocapsid protein	Tap water, milk, or serum	[37]
Cas12a -MDANs	Cas12a	5′-TTTV	<60	26 cells/mL	Fluorescence	CTCs	Human blood samples,	[44]
Nano-CLISA	Cas12a	5′-TTTV	∼300	13.9 fg/mL (69.5 aM)	Fluorescence	CEA and PSA	Clinical samples	[38]
CCSRPM	Cas12a	5′-TTTV	11	0.03 nM	Fluorescence	Streptavidin/biotin	Human serum	[40]
CRISPR/Cas12a-TFs	Cas12a	5′-TTTV	90	0.2 pM	Fluorescence	Transcription factors	Cancer cells	[39]
CAOSPPCC	Cas12a	5′-TTTV	30	86 fM	Fluorescence	Pb2+	Environmental samples.	[43]
CRISPR-Cas12a-OP	Cas12a	5′-TTTV	<120	218 pg/mL	Fluorescence	OP	Agricultural products	[42]
Cas12a-CMCAN	Cas12a	5′-TTTV	–	0.16 μM	Fluorescence	ATP	Human serum samples	[33]
Cas12a-PNKP	Cas12a	5′-TTTV	∼80	3.3 × 10−6U/mL.	Fluorescence	Polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase	–	[45]
SPRINT	Cas13a	3′-PFS: H	–	1 μM	Fluorescence	Small-Molecule	Cofactors, Metabolites of amino acids, tetracycline and monatomic ions	[53]
TITAC-Cas	Cas13a	3′-PFS: H	100	6 ± 0.52 mU/L	Fluorescence	ALP	HepG2 cells	[50]
CLISA	Cas13a	3′-PFS: H	30	32.27 fg/mL (0.81 fM)	Fluorescence	IL-6/VEGF	Serum	[52]
APC-Cas	LbuCas13a	3′-PFS: H	140	1 cfu/mL	Cy5-BHQ2	Salmonella Enteritidis	Milk	[51]
CRISPR/Cas12a-13a	Cas12a/Cas13a	5′-TTTV/3′-PFS: H	130	30 pg/mL/200 pg/mL	Fluorescence	Exosomal	Plasma	[26]
CRISPR/Cas14a-CK-MB	Cas14	5′-TTTA	100	0.355 pM (15.62 pg/mL)	PtNPs/Cu-TCPP(Fe)	CK-MB	Serum	[54]
CRISPR/Cas14a	Cas14	5′-TTTA	45	2.06 nM	Tb reporter	Ampicillin	–	[62]

All features; aM: 10⁻¹⁸ M; fM: 10⁻¹⁵ M; N: no; Y: yes; NA: nonapplicable; “-“: Not mentioned; F: Fluorescence; SNVs: single nucleotide variants; SNPs: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; V: A/C/G; H: A/C/T; LwaCas13a: Leptotrichia wadei Cas13a; CcaCas13 b: Capnocytophaga canimorsus Cc5 Cas13 b; LOD: limit of detection; LFA: lateral flow assay; iPCCA: isothermal proximity CRISPR/Cas12a assay; LDCC: DNA ligation-driven CRISPR/Cas12a developing detection sensor; CRISPR/Cas12a-EV: CRISPR/Cas12a extracellular vesicles; fDNA-Cas12a: functional DNA CRISPR/Cas12a; CaT-Smelor: CRISPR-Cas12a and aTF-mediated small molecule detector; TITAC-Cas: Trigger the trans-cleavage activity of Cas13a; APC-Cas: allosteric probe-initiated catalysis; CLISA: CRISPR/Cas13a signal amplification linked immunosorbent assay; PtNPs/Cu-TCPP(Fe): platinum nanoparticle (PtNPs) decorated metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets, Op: Organophosphorus pesticides.