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. 2023 Nov 28;9(12):e22848. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22848

Table 1.

Innovation and trade statistics in BRICS.

Variables Definition 2000 2020 Change
RPAT Residents patent applications 11869.67 279507.8 2254.807 %
NPAT Nonresidents patent applications 11400.89 44480.2 290.146 %
PUBLICATIONS Scientific and technical journal articles 26077.41 153391.3 488.215 %
R & D R&D expenditures 0.86283 1.202674 39.387 %
TRADE Trade as a % of GDP 42.65477 40.47477 −5.110 %

Note:Authors calculation using data from World Development Indicators.