Table 6.

Causality testing.

Null Hypothesis	Zbar-Stat	Probability
From NPAT to TRADE	3.43470***	0.0006
From TRADE to NPAT	3.05510***	0.0022
From PUBLICATION to TRADE	1.95131*	0.0510
From TRADE to PUBLICATION	1.44009	0.1498
From R&D to TRADE	3.57758***	0.0003
From TRADE to R&D	0.74497	0.4563
From RPAT to TRADE	1.93643*	0.0528
From TRADE to RPAT	−1.18635	0.2355

Note: The asterisk (***) and (*) represent 1 and 10% level of significance.