Table 1.

The most important phytochemical compound of A. millefolium.

No	Compound name	Class of compound	Structure	Effect	Part of plant	Extract/essential oil	Half life	Mechanism of action	Ref.
1	Camphene	Monoterpenes		Anti-inflammatory, reducing triglyceride level	Leaf	Essential oil	9.12 days	Prostaglandin e2 inhibition, cyclooxygenase (cox) inhibition. (Fig. 1), Inhibition of MTP	[15] [33] [34] [35] [36]
2	α-pinene	Monoterpenes		Antibacterial, anti inflamatory anti-tumor	Leaf	Essential oil	1.4 h	inhibit the growth of bacteria, Decrease in inflammatory factors such as TNF-α , down-regulating Cdc25C mRNA and protein expression,	[15] [33] [37] [38] [39] [36]
3	β-pinene	Monoterpene		Antibacterial, Inhibitory effects on breast cancer and leukemia	Leaf	Essentia oil	4.9 h	Decreasing inflammatory factors such as TNF-α	[15] [33] [36]
4	Limonene	Monoterpene		anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective	Leaf	Essential oil	12–24 h	Reducing no production and nerve activation, thus reducing neuron cell (Fig. 2)	[40] [41] [42] [36]
5	Camphor	Terpenoid ketones		Antitussive, analgesic, nasal decongestant	Leaf	Essential oil	4–8 h	reducing TRPA1-mediated cough, Activating heat-sensitive trpv1 and trpv3 receptors	[33] [43] [44] [45] [46] [36]
6	1,8-cineole	Monoterpene		Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant effects	Leaf	Essential oil	6.7 min	Induced enzymatic and nonenzymatic cellular antioxidants and metabolic phase ii detoxifying enzymes	[33] [47] [48] [36]
7	Linalool	Monoterpenoid		, decrease anxiety, sedative effects, Hepatoprotective, dermal sensitizer	Leaf	Essential oil	3.2 h	A competitive antagonist of glutamate, and as a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors in brain cortical membranes	[33] [49] [50]
8	Luteolin	Flavonoid		, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory	Whole Plant	Essential oil/extract	Less than 5 h	inhibited cell proliferation by inducing G0/G1 and/or G2/M cell cycle arrest, Binding to the thromboxane a2 receptor	[51] [52] [53,54]
9	Isochlorogenic acid	Polyols		antioxidant and anti-inflammatory	Leaf	Extract	227∼292 min	High restoration of glutathione levels	[55] [56] [53] [57]
10	Apigenin	Estrogenic flavonoid		An antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	Whole Plant	Extract	91.8 h	oxidant enzymes inhibition, modulation of redox signaling pathways (NF-kB, Nrf2, MAPK, and P13/Akt), Regulating a p53-bax-caspase-3 apoptotic pathway	[58] [59] [60] [53] [61]
11	Kaempferol	Flavonoid		Anti-inflammatory, anticancer		Water extract	2.93–3.79min	Cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducing apoptosis	[62] [63] [36]
12	Caffeic acid	Phenolic glycoside		Hepatoprotective, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	Whole plant	Extract	0.14 h	Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and shielding against ldl oxidation (Fig. 3)	[64] [65] [66] [67] [68]
13	Quercetin	f		Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial	Whole plant	Extract	3.5 h	Inhibiting lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production in macrophages	[65] [69] [70]
14	Betonicine	Alkaloids		Positive effect on digestive system and the blood stream	Whole plant	Extract	N.m	Not explored	[71] [72]

*N.E: Not explored.