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. 2023 Dec 6;20(12):1989–1999. doi: 10.1038/s41592-023-02084-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, Illustration of the process of T1 topological transition when one tension at a junction becomes greater than the sum of the two others. b, Plot of the percentage of unstable junctions in the embryo (blue) and the ratio of unstable junction length to total junction length in the embryo as a function of its development stage, defined by its number of cells. c, Plot of the mean residual of Young–Dupré equations (purple) in the embryo as a function of its development stage, defined by its number of cells. d, The left shows the surface tension map of the 64-cell ascidian embryo. The middle shows a visualization of the residuals of Young–Dupré equations for each junction in the same embryo. The right shows the junctions for which inference predicts a T1 topological transition are mechanically unstable. Visualization of stable (green) and unstable (red) junctions in a 64-cell ascidian embryo (P. mammillata). e, Maps of apical tension at the animal and vegetal poles of the early ascidian embryo (P. mammillata) in the 16AS (AS for asynchronous), 24-, 32AS, 64- and 120-cell stages. The ratio of mitotic to interphase apical tension is colored green if it is less than one and red if it is greater than one. Mitotic cells are indicated with a white star.