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. 2023 Nov 20;55(12):2082–2093. doi: 10.1038/s41588-023-01559-9

Fig. 1. Study overview.

Fig. 1

(1), We imputed LifetimeMDD using a partially observed matrix of depression-relevant phenotypes in UK Biobank (UKB). We focused on using SoftImpute, which also produces latent phenome-wide factors. (2),(3), We then performed GWASs on observed and imputed values of LifetimeMDD (2), as well as downstream polygenic analyses, including in-sample and out-of-sample PRS predictions of MDD (3). (4),(5), We also studied the genetic basis of the latent factors of the depression phenome (4) and residualized latent factors from shallow MDD phenotypes to remove nonspecific pleiotropic effects (5).