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. 2023 Nov 20;55(12):2094–2103. doi: 10.1038/s41588-023-01563-z

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — gSEM was used to cluster 14 traits correlated with CanUD. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicated four factors fit the data best. Factors fit mostly into categories that we designated as functional impairment (factor 1), impulsivity and risk taking (factor 2), psychopathology (factor 3) and substance dependence (factor 4). CanUD fit best (and strongly) in the substance dependence cluster. FTND fit into factors for functional impairment and substance dependence. Suicide attempts fit into functional impairment, impulsivity and risk taking, and psychopathology. Numbers outside the parenthesis are correlation coefficients between factors. Numbers inside parenthesis are stadard errors of means. Smoke init, initiation of regular smoking; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; OUD, opioid use disorder.