Table 4.

Characteristic soil components of some major soil groups and behaviors of frequently investigated PC classes in the soils.

Soils	Soil matrix [40,44]	Orgarnic matter and functional groups [46,47,65]	Sulfonamides (amphoteric compounds)	Fluoroquinolones (ionic compound)	Tetracyclines (ionic/polar groups)	Macrolides (methylamine functional group)
Ferralsols; Lixisols; Acrisols	Kaolinite (or halloysite), Fe-, Al-oxyhydroxides	O-alkyl and alkyl (polysaccharide) compounds; hydroxyl; carboxyl	Hydrophobic; mobile; Kd(SMZ):1.37 [14] Kd(SDZ):8.4–11.1 [146] Kd(SDZ):0.8–14.3 [147] Kd(SMX):0.7–28.5 [147] Kd(SCP):0.7–70.1 [147] Kd(SDI):1.0–32.0 [147] Kd(STA):1.01–67.1 [147]	Cation exchange; immobile; Kd(ENR):3040 [148] Kd(ENR):3037 [90] Kd(NOR):591 [14] Kd(CIP):85 [149] Kd(NOR):2500 [150] Kd(ENR):544–251430 [147] Kd(DAN):847–255643 [147] Kd(CIP):726–1277873 [147] Kd(NOR):999–335633 [147]	Cation exchanged and complexation; immobile; Kd(TC):1093 [14] Kd(TC):130.92 [26] Kd(OTC):650–2191 [151] Kd(OTC):1435–3135 [101]	Cation exchange; moderate mobile; Kd(ERY):130 [14] Kd(TYL):6.0–22.6 [81]
Vertisols	Smectite, vermiculite, mixed-layers, illite, chlorite	Aliphatic compounds, and minor peptides, heterocyclic N forms, and carbohydrates; hydroxyl; carboxyl; aromatic; amide	Hydrophobic; highly mobile	Cation exchange; immobile; Kd(CIP): 26000–36000 [38]	Cation exchange, complexation; immobile Kd(OTC):1751–4377 [101]	Cation exchange; immobile; Kd(TYLA):5520 [152]
Andosol	Kaolinite/smectite, kaolinite (or halloysite), Fe-hydroxy-oxides	Polysaccharide, chitin, aromatic, lignin, carboxylic compounds; hydroxyl; aromatic; carboxyl	Hydrophobic; mobile; Kd(SMX):1.12–3.09 [153] Kd(SCP):1.87–10.59 [153] Kd(SMZ):0.96–5.08 [153] Kd(SMP):0.9–26.0 [154]	Cation exchange and hydrophobic; immobile; Kd(CIP):128 [149] Kd(ENR):121–2345 [154]	Cation exchange and complexation; immobile	Cation exchange; immobile; Kd(TT):1.13–1150 [153]
Podzols	Smectite, I/S, I/V minerals, Fe oxides	Lignins, tannins, aliphatic waxes, and branched alkyl components; aromatic; hydroxyl; carboxyl	Hydrophobic; highly mobile; Kd(SSX):0.27 [155]	Cation exchange and hydrophobic; immobile; Kd(ENR): 1230 [90] Kd(CIP): 150–990 [38]	Cation exchange and complexation; immobile; Kd(OTC):486–2519 [101]	Cation exchange; immobile
Luvisols	Illite, vermiculite, I/S minerals, kaolinite, Fe oxides	Carboxyl, aliphatic, and lignin components; hydroxyl; aromatic; carboxyl	Hydrophobic; highly mobile; KF(SMX):1.28 [89]	Cation exchange; immobile; Kd(CIP): 2420 [130] Kd(ENR): 1345 [130] Kd(LVF):1117 [130]	Cation exchange and complexation; immobile; Kd(OTC): 769 [151] Kd(OTC):1454–4897 [101]	Cation exchange; moderate mobile; KF(CLA):436.3 [89]
Phaeozems, Chernozems, Kastanozems	Illite, smectite, vermiculite, chlorite	Saccharides, lignins; aromatic; hydroxyl	Hydrophobic; mobile; Kd(SPY): 3.47 [98] KF(SMX):0.57–1.65 [89] Kd(SDZ):80.0 [146]	Cation exchange and hydrophobic; immobile	Cation exchange and complexation; immobile; Kd(TC):5879.84 [26]	Cation exchange; moderate mobile; KF(CLA):159.9–601.6 [89]
Paddy soils	Kaolinite, illite, Fe-, Al-oxyhydroxides	Aromatic compounds (lignins); aromatic; hydroxyl	Hydrophobic; mobile; KF(STZ):22.1 [156]	Cation exchange and hydrophobic; immobile; Kd(NOR):8700–8900 [150]	Cation exchange and complexation; immobile; KF(OTC):3012.4 [156] Kd(TC):790.38 [26]	Cation exchange; moderate mobile; Kd(TYL):6.19 [157]
Preferential sorption to soil component			OM > Clay	OM > Clay	Clay > OM > oxides	Clay > OM

Notes: Sorption coefficient K_d in L/kg and K_F (the Freundlich constant) in mmol¹⁻ⁿLⁿ/kg.