Table 2.
Medicinal plants reported used for management of diabetes and hypertension by herbalists in Ghana with information on their vernacular names, conservation status, habits, diseases treated, and how they are being used.
| Species (Voucher #)/Conservation Status | Family (habit) | Local name | Disease type* | Plant parts | Modes of preparation | Modes of administration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. (CPMR 4945) | Zingiberaceae (herb) | Fam wisa (Twi) | H | Seeds | Decoction: boil with stem bark of Khaya senegalensis and Zingiber officinale | Oral: drink decoction |
| Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll.Arg (CPMR 4920) | Euphorbiaceae (shrub) | Ogyama (Twi) | D | Leaves | Decoction: Boil with leaves of Psidium guajava and Citrus aurantifolia leaves | Oral: drink decoction |
| Alstonia boonei De Wild. (CPMR 4911) | Apocynaceae (Tree) | Nyamedua (Twi) | H | Stem & leaves | Decoction: Boil leaves and stem together and add Zingiber officinale | Oral: drink decoction |
| Alternanthera pungens Kunth (CPMR 4906) | Amaranthaceae (herb) | Nkasienkasie (Asante) | D | Stem bark | Boil with leaves of Taraxacum officinale and moringa oleifera | Oral: drink decoction |
| Anthocleista nobilis G. Don (CPMR 4930) | Loganiaceae (tree) | Awudifo kete (Twi) | D | Stem bark | Boil with whole plant of Paullina pinnata, Carica papaya leaves and add lemon juice | Oral: drink decoction |
| Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (CPMR 4933) | Meliaceae (tree) | Nim (Fante) | D | Root bark | Boil with leaves of Carica papaya, Gossypium arboreum leaves and seeds Xylopia aethiopica | Oral: drink decoction |
| Baphia nitida G. Lodd. (CPMR 4921) | Fabaceae (tree) | Odwene (Twi) | H | Leaves | Boil leaves with Xylopia aethiopica fruits | Oral: drink decoction |
| Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken (CPMR 4925) | Crassulaceae (herb) | Egoro (Twi) | H | Leaves | Boil with fruit Tetrapleura tetraptera | Oral: drink decoction |
| Carica papaya L. (CPMR 4917) | Caricaceae (tree) | Brofre (Twi) | DH | Leaves | Boil with Khaya senegalensis stem bark, whole plant of Paullinia pinnata and Psidium guajava leaves | Oral: drink decoction |
| Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume. (CPMR 4928) | Lauraceae (tree) | Anoatre dua (Twi) | H | Stem bark | Boil with fruit Monodora myristica and dried Zingiber officinale | Oral: drink decoction |
| Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (CPMR 4924) | Poaceae (grass) | Ti-ahaban (Fante) | H | Whole plant | Boil whole plant | Oral: drink decoction |
| Fleurya ovalifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Dandy (CPMR 4943) | Moraceae (tree) | Nsasono (Twi) | DH | Leaves | Grind dried into granules with Carica papaya and Momordica charantia leaves | Oral: drink decoction |
| Gomphrena celosioides Mart. (CPMR 4907) | Amaranthaceae (herb) | Water globe (English) | H | Whole plant | Boil whole plant | Oral: drink decoction |
|
Gossypium arboreum L. (CPMR 4932) NT |
Malvaceae (tree) | Asaawa (Twi) | D | Leaves | Boil with root of Carica papaya, Morinda lucida and leaves of Ocimum gratissimum | Oral: drink decoction |
| Dianthera secunda (Lamb.) Griseb. (CPMR 4905) | Acanthaceae (shrub) | Jehovah witness tree (English) | D | Leaves | Boil leaves with krokrodoso leaves | Oral: drink decoction |
|
Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. (CPMR 4934) VU |
Meliaceae (tree) | Kuntunkuri (Twi) | DH | Stem bark | Boil with dried leaves of Carica papaya, | Oral: drink decoction |
| Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (CPMR 4916) | Bignoniaceae (tree) | Nufuten (Asante) | H | Leaves, Stem bark | Boil stem bark and leaves together | Oral: drink decoction |
| Lantana camara L. (CPMR 4944) | Verbenaceae (shrub) | Anansedokono (Akan) | H | Whole plant | Boil with Tapinanthus banguwensis, Citrus aurantifolia leaves and Zingiber officinale | Oral: drink decoction |
| Luffa cylindrica M. Roem. (CPMR 4918) | Cucurbitaceae (shrub) | Sapo (Twi) | H | Leaves | Infusion: soak fresh leaves in water. | Oral: drink infusion |
| Mangifera indica L. (CPMR 4908) | Anacardiaceae (tree) | Amango (Asante) | DH | Leaves | Boil leaves and bark together with Psidium guajava leaves | Oral: drink decoction |
| Momordica charantia L.CPMR 4919 | Cucurbitaceae (tree) | Nyinya (Twi) | D | Fruit | Mill fruits | Oral: drink decoction |
| Morinda citrofolia L. (CPMR 4940) | Rubiaceae (tree) | Noni (Hawalli) | DH | Fruit, Leaves | Boil dried leaves and ferment the fruits. | Oral: drink decoction |
| Morinda lucida Benth. (CPMR 4939) | Rubiaceae (tree) | Konkroma (Asante) | DH | Leaves, Stem bark | Mill fresh leaves and stem bark and add lemon juice | Oral: drink decoction |
| Moringa oliefera Lam. (CPMR 4935) | Moringaceae (tree) | Moringa (English) | DH | Leaves | Boil freshly together with Launaea taraxacifolia or Mill dried leaves with Launaea taraxacifolia | Oral: drink decoction |
| Musa paradisiaca L. (CPMR 4936) | Musaceae (tree) | Brodea (Twi) | H | Leaves, Stem | Boil with dried leaves of Mangifera indica and maize husks | Oral: drink decoction |
| Musa sapientum f. pruinosa King. (CPMR 4937) | Musaceae (tree) | Kwadu (Twi) | D | Leaves | Boil together with dried leaves of carica papaya and Zingiber officinale | Oral: drink decoction |
| Ocimum gratissimum Forssk. (CPMR 4926) | Lamiaceae (herb) | Nunum (Twi) | DH | Leaves | Boil dried leaves with Morinda lucida leaves | Oral: drink decoction |
| Paullinia pinnata L. (CPMR 4941) | Sapindaceae (shrub) | Toatin (Asante) | D | Whole plant | Boil with Psidium guajava leaves, Carica papaya leaves | Oral: drink decoction |
| Persea americana Mill. (CPMR 4929) | Lauraceae (tree) | Paya (Akan) | H | Seed | Grind dried seeds into powder. | Oral: drink decoction |
| Psidium guajava L. (CPMR 4938) | Myrtaceae (tree) | Oguawa (Twi) | D | Leaves | Boil with Carica papaya and Persea americana leaves | Oral: drink decoction |
| Rauvolfia vomitoria Wennberg (CPMR 4912) | Apocynaceae (tree) | Kakapenpen (Twi) | D | Root bark | Boil with Paullinia pinnata whole plant | Oral: drink decoction |
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. (CPMR 4927) | Lamiaceae (herb) | Rosemary (English) | H | Leaves | Boil with leaves of Alstonia boonei, Zingiber officinale roots and stem bark of Khaya senegalensis | Oral: drink decoction |
| Senna alata (L.) Roxb. (CPMR 4922) | Fabaceae(tree) | Osempe (Twi) | D | Leaves | Boil with Alchornea cordifolia leaves and whole plant of Paullinia pinnata | Oral: drink decoction |
| Strophanthus hispidus DC. (CPMR 4913) | Apocynaceae (shrub) | Omaatwa (Twi) | H | Root bark | Boil roots | Oral: drink decoction |
| Tapinanthus banguwensis (Engl. & k. Krause) Danser (CPMR 4931) | Loranthaceae (Climber) | Nkrapan (Twi) | H | Whole plant | Boil with Launaea taraxacifolia leaves and add Xylopia aethiopica Fruits | Oral: drink decoction |
| Launaea taraxacifolia (Willd.) Amin ex C. Jeffrey (CPMR 4915) | Compositae (herb) | Dandelion (English) | H | Leaves | Boil with Moringa oleifera leaves | Oral: drink decoction |
| Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. &Thonn.) Thaub. (CPMR 4923) | Fabaceae (tree) | Prekese (Twi) | H | Fruits | Boil the dried fruit with leaves of Ocimum gratissimum | Oral: drink decoction |
| Trema orientalis (L.) Blume (CPMR 4942). | Cannabaceae (tree) | Sesea (Asante) | D | Leaves | Decoction: boil together with roots of Morinda lucida | Oral: drink decoction |
| Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile.) Sch. Bip. (CPMR 4914) | Asteraceae (shrub) | Anwonwene (Akan) | DH | Leaves | Decoction: boil with leaves of Persea americana | Oral: drink decoction |
| Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal.) A. Rich (CPMR 4909) | Annonaceae (tree) | Hwentia (Twi) | H | Seed | Decoction: boil with Leaves of Gossypium arboreum, roots of Morinda lucida and Carica papaya | Oral: drink decoction |
| Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepern.& Timler (CPMR 4910) | Rutaceae (shrub) | Okantor (Twi) | D | Stem bark | Decoction: boil together with Alchornea cordifolia leaves, stem bark of Khaya senegalensis | Oral: drink decoction |
| Zingiber officinale Roscoe (CPMR 4946) | Zingiberaceae (shrub) | Kakaduro (Twi) | H | Root bark | Decoction: boil with Tetrapleura tetraptera | Oral: drink decoction |
NT= Near threatened; VU=Vulnerable; *D = Diabetes; H = hypertension.