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. 2023 Feb 14;54:271–292. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.02.005

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© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Cairo University.

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 3 — The microenvironment of cancer stem cells. Proliferation, self-renewal, differentiation, metastasis, and tumorigenesis of CSCs in the CSC microenvironment. Chemokines-7 (CXCL-7), Chemokines-7 (CXCL-7), Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), Hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF- α), Interleukin-β (IL-β), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Wnt, Notch, JAK/STAT3, NF-κB, Notch, Hedgehog, and AKT/mTOR are cell signaling pathways.