Table 5.
Thematic analysis of student engagement in ERL.
| Code | Basic theme | Organizing theme | Global theme |
|---|---|---|---|
| Feelings of negativity | Motivation | Psychological factors | Sociocultural factors |
| Enjoy learning | |||
| Studying plan | Self-efficacy | ||
| Differences between places | Local norms | Norm factors | |
| Guideline | institutional norms | ||
| Attendance marking | |||
| Desktop computers, laptops, smartphones, and tablets | The types of technological devices | Availability of technological devices | Infrastructure factors |
| Shared devices | The number of devices | ||
| Challenges of connectivity | User-friendly platforms and tools | Technical support | |
| Technological challenges | |||
| Software | |||
| Platform usability | Technical assistance | ||
| Helpdesk | |||
| No budget | Device equity | Material equity | Digital equity factors |
| Expensive | monetary equity | ||
| difficult exam | level of difficulty in the exam | The marks equity | |
| Open book exam | Cheat risk | ||
| Communicate in the exam through social media |