Table 1.
Summaries of the included studies.
| Author | Year | Country | Research design | TB patients | Patients with DM comorbidity | Covariates | TB treatment outcomes | MDR in TB patients | MDR in TB-DM patients | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sahakyan et al. (35) | 2020 | Armenia | Retrospective | 585 | 36 | Baseline weight, sputum smear status | Treatment failure, MDR-TB | 90/585 | 5/36 | 0.809 |
| Leung et al. (16) | 2017 | China | Prospective | 18,083 | 3,331 | Demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, medical factors, treatment-related factors, hepatitis, renal disease | MDR-TB | 0.133 | ||
| Lee et al. (30) | 2017 | South Korea | Retrospective | 1,044 | 253 | Gender, age, body mass index (BMI), cavitary disease, previous history of tuberculosis, and presence of diabetes mellitus | Treatment failure, MDR-TB | 25/791 | 15/253 | 0.035 |
| Mi et al. (17) | 2014 | China | Retrospective | 434 | 187 | Age, gender, occupation, resident area, and previous TB treatment | MDR-TB | - | 10/26 | <0.05 |
| Siddiqui et al. (33) | 2016 | India | Prospective | 266 | 37 | Age, sex, BMI, TB history, risk factors, clinical presentation, treatment history, DM status, and adverse drug reaction | Treatment failure, MDR-TB | 4/154 | 0 | <0.05 |
| Yoon et al. (29) | 2017 | South Korea | Prospective | 157 | 108 | Age, smoking status, uncontrolled diabetes, comorbidity, and positive sputum smear | Treatment failure, MDR-TB | 18/401 | 6/94 | 0.466 |
| Gomez-Gomez et al. (27) | 2015 | Mexico | Case–control | 175 | 56 | Age, gender, smoking, malnutrition, alcohol, and other underlying diseases | MDR-TB | 39/139 | 17/36 | <0.05 |
| Gil-Santana et al. (36) | 2016 | Brazil | Retrospective | 273 | 135 | Age, gender | MDR-TB | 3/244 | 12/128 | 0.002 |
| Delgado-Sánchez et al. (26) | 2015 | Mexico | Retrospective | 146,390 | 34,988 | Gender, age, previous TB treatment, year of diagnosis, and malnutrition | Treatment failure, MDR-TB | 630/1614 | 362/672 | <0.001 |
| Hongguang et al. (18) | 2015 | China | Prospective | 944 | 182 | Age, gender, and treatment categorization | Treatment failure, MDR-TB | 4/944 | 2/182 | 0.238 |
| Viswanathan et al. (32) | 2014 | India | Retrospective | 149 | 96 | Severity of Diabetes, glycemic control, and comorbidities | Treatment failure, MDR-TB | 0 | 1/96 | 0.04 |
| Nandhakumar et al. (31) | 2013 | India | Retrospective | 2,449 | 667 | Age, gender, type of TB, smear result, and HIV status | Treatment failure, MDR-TB | 4/427 | 5/677 | 0.04 |
| Fisher-Hoch et al. (25) | 2008 | USA | Retrospective | 1,041 | 401 | Age, gender, alcohol, drug abuse, HIV, and previous TB history | MDR-TB | 31/1041 | 18/401 | <0.05 |
| Fisher-Hoch et al. (25) | 2008 | Mexico | Retrospective | 1,149 | 287 | Age, gender | MDR-TB | - | 287/1436 | <0.05 |
| Suárez-García et al. (37) | 2009 | Spain | Case–control | 655 | 41 | Alcohol, age, and previous TB treatment | MDR-TB | 27/30 | 3/30 | <0.05 |
| Jiménez-Corona et al. (24) | 2013 | Mexico | Prospective | 888 | 374 | Severity of disease, smear status | Treatment failure, MDR-TB | 26/604 | 17/315 | <0.001 |
| Hsu et al. (19) | 2013 | China | Prospective | 804 | 204 | Age, gender | MDR-TB | 24/665 | 5/204 | 0.926 |
| Alisjahbana et al. (5) | 2007 | Indonesia | Prospective | 540 | 94 | Age, gender, BMI, and disease duration | MDR-TB | 13/272 | 1/56 | >0.05 |
| Rifat et al. (38) | 2014 | Bangladesh | Case–control | 917 | 83 | Age group, education, occupation, and smoking | MDR-TB | - | - | 0.001 |
| Singla et al. (39) | 2006 | Saudi Arabia | Retrospective | 505 | 187 | Age, gender | MDR-TB | - | - | 0.001 |
| Bashar et al. (34) | 2001 | USA | Case–control | 102 | 53 | HIV, residency status | MDR-TB | - | - | <0.01 |
| Adane et al. (40) | 2023 | Ethiopia | Prospective | 243 | 24 | Age, BMI, gender, smoking, and alcohol | Treatment failure, MDR-TB | 1/132 | 3/60 | 0.056 |
| Chiang et al. (41) | 2015 | Taiwan | Retrospective | 768 | 705 | Age, gender, sputum smear, drug resistance, and smoking | Treatment failure, MDR-TB | - | - | <0.01 |
| Magee et al. (42) | 2015 | Georgia | Prospective | 281 | 37 | Age, gender, HIV infection, and smoking | Treatment failure, MDR-TB | 32/229 | 11/37 | <0.001 |
| Munoz-Torrico et al. (23) | 2017 | Mexico | Retrospective | 90 | 49 | Age | Treatment failure, MDR-TB | 34/41 | 39/49 | 0.7 |
| Perez-Navarro et al. (22) | 2017 | Mexico | Prospective | 324 | 183 | Age, gender, overcrowding, and smoking | Treatment failure, MDR-TB | 16/324 | 26/183 | <0.001 |
| Wu et al. (20) | 2016 | China | Retrospective | 161 | 40 | Age, gender, history of smoking, lung cavities, smear status, and TB treatment duration | MDR-TB | 4/161 | 4/40 | 0.135 |
| Min et al. (28) | 2005 | South Korea | Case–control | 145 | 52 | Age, smoking | MDR-TB | 41/166 | 11/29 | 0.04 |
| Song et al. (21) | 2015 | China | Case–control | 900 | 54 | Inadequate regimen, insufficient dose, and compliance | MDR-TB | <0.05 | ||
| Jitmuang et al. (43) | 2015 | Thailand | Case–control | 157 | 31 | Age, gender, previous TB, HIV, alcohol, and smear status | MDR-TB | 22/141 | 9/47 | <0.001 |
DOTS, Directly observed treatment, short course strategy; NTP, National Tuberculosis Control Program; and WHO, World Health Organization.