Table 1.

Variable definition and assignment.

Variable	Variable assignment
health	From 1 to 5, get better
dig	The development level of the DE
age	Age (years)
age_2	The square of age
gender	Male = 1, Female = 0
eduyear	Completed years of education
marriage	Married or not, Yes = 1, No = 0
smoke	Smoking or not, Yes = 1, No = 0
drink	Drinking or not, Yes = 1, No = 0
familysize	Number of people living together currently
lnfincomeper	Ln(per capita household income)
lngdp	Ln(provincial GDP)
lnmediexp	Ln(provincial financial expenditure on healthcare)

Married includes four states: being married, cohabiting, divorced, and widowed. Smoking is classified based on whether the respondents have smoked in the past month, and alcohol consumption is classified based on whether the respondents have consumed alcohol more than three times a week in the past month.