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Results of mean differences regarding pain intensity in patients with overall chronic spinal pain. The colors show the certainty of evidence according to GRADE (red = very low certainty evidence; yellow = low certainty evidence; green = moderate certainty evidence, grey = not available). Circles = overall measurement; Triangles = short term measurement; diamond = medium term. SMD, Standardized mean difference; N/A, Not available; CI, Confidence interval.
