Table. Associations of Epidemiologic, Facility, Tumor, and Treatment Characteristics With Clinical Trial Enrollment Among Women With Gynecologic Cancer.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) (N = 562 592) | Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)a | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not enrolled in a clinical trial (n = 562 044) | Enrolled in a clinical trial (n = 548) | |||
| Race | ||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 1900 (0.3) | 3 (0.6) | 1.37 (0.43-4.36) | .006 |
| Asian | 18 668 (3.3) | 12 (2.2) | 0.44 (0.25-0.78) | |
| Black | 56 382 (10.0) | 39 (7.1) | 0.70 (0.50-0.99) | |
| Hispanic | 38 124 (6.8) | 21 (3.8) | 0.53 (0.33-0.83) | |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1452 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 0.86 (0.12-6.16) | |
| White | 442 399 (78.7) | 470 (85.8) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Otherb | 3119 (0.6) | 2 (0.4) | 0.48 (0.12-1.92) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 62.9 (11.3) | 60.4 (9.7) | 0.89 (0.85-0.94) | <.001 |
| Charlson-Deyo score | ||||
| 0 | 431 202 (76.7) | 455 (83.0) | 1 [Reference] | .09 |
| 1 | 99 097 (17.6) | 78 (14.2) | 1.01 (0.79-1.28) | |
| ≥2 | 31 745 (5.7) | 15 (2.7) | 0.56 (0.34-0.95) | |
| Insurance status | ||||
| No insurance | 21 004 (3.7) | 16 (2.9) | 1 [Reference] | .01 |
| Private insurance | 257 547 (45.8) | 319 (58.2) | 1.27 (0.76-2.12) | |
| Medicaid | 41 017 (7.3) | 31 (5.7) | 0.77 (0.42-1.41) | |
| Medicare | 227 861 (40.5) | 173 (31.6) | 1.00 (0.57-1.74) | |
| Other government | 5559 (1.0) | 8 (1.5) | 1.47 (0.62-3.49) | |
| Unknown | 9056 (1.6) | 1 (0.2) | 0.13 (0.02-1.01) | |
| Area-level annual income, $ | ||||
| Quartile 1: <46 277 | 95 079 (16.9) | 68 (12.4) | 1 [Reference] | .03 |
| Quartile 2: 46 277 to 57 856 | 121 797 (21.7) | 108 (19.7) | 0.95 (0.69-1.31) | |
| Quartile 3: <57 857 to 74 062 | 134 864 (24.0) | 113 (20.6) | 0.69 (0.49-0.98) | |
| Quartile 4: ≥74 063 | 210 304 (37.4) | 259 (47.3) | 0.65 (0.45-0.94) | |
| Area-level education, % of residents without high school diploma | ||||
| Quartile 1: <5.0 | 121 232 (21.6) | 176 (32.1) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Quartile 2: 5.0 to 9.0 | 162 688 (29.0) | 179 (32.7) | 0.83 (0.66-1.03) | |
| Quartile 3: 9.1 to 15.2 | 157 292 (28.0) | 126 (23.0) | 0.59 (0.45-0.77) | |
| Quartile 4: ≥15.3 | 120 832 (21.5) | 67 (12.2) | 0.41 (0.28-0.59) | |
| Metropolitan status | ||||
| Large metropolitan county (population >1 million) | 296 837 (52.8) | 331 (60.4) | 1 [Reference] | .03 |
| Medium metropolitan county (population 250 000-1 million) | 115 544 (20.6) | 93 (17.0) | 0.73 (0.58-0.93) | |
| Small metropolitan county (population <250 000) | 49 091 (8.7) | 39 (7.1) | 0.70 (0.49-0.99) | |
| Urban | 71 880 (12.8) | 54 (9.9) | 0.70 (0.51-0.96) | |
| Rural | 8883 (1.6) | 9 (1.6) | 1.10 (0.55-2.16) | |
| Unknown | 19 809 (3.5) | 22 (4.0) | 0.67 (0.43-1.04) | |
| Facility location | ||||
| Northeast | 125 477 (22.3) | 179 (32.7) | 1 [Reference] | .007 |
| South | 198 948 (35.4) | 161 (29.4) | 0.72 (0.57-0.90) | |
| Midwest | 137 994 (24.6) | 124 (22.6) | 0.68 (0.53-0.87) | |
| Mountain | 22 694 (4.0) | 26 (4.7) | 0.95 (0.62-1.46) | |
| Pacific | 76 931 (13.7) | 58 (10.6) | 0.71 (0.52-0.97) | |
| Facility type | ||||
| Community cancer program | 21 108 (3.8) | 4 (0.7) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Comprehensive community cancer program | 198 541 (35.3) | 107 (19.5) | 2.48 (0.91-6.74) | |
| Academic or research program | 229 412 (40.8) | 359 (65.5) | 6.26 (2.33-16.84) | |
| Integrated network cancer program | 112 983 (20.1) | 78 (14.2) | 2.93 (1.07-8.05) | |
| Diagnosis year | ||||
| 2004-2006 | 82 314 (14.7) | 18 (3.3) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| 2007-2009 | 92 378 (16.4) | 58 (10.6) | 2.90 (1.71-4.93) | |
| 2010-2012 | 106 930 (19.0) | 62 (11.3) | 2.65 (1.57-4.49) | |
| 2013-2015 | 114 386 (20.4) | 93 (17.0) | 3.72 (2.24-6.17) | |
| 2016-2019 | 166 036 (29.5) | 317 (57.9) | 10.18 (6.32-16.39) | |
| Cancer site | ||||
| Uterine | 329 089 (58.6) | 67 (12.2) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Ovarian | 162 410 (28.9) | 429 (78.3) | 3.70 (2.69-5.08) | |
| Cervical | 70 545 (12.6) | 52 (9.5) | 4.30 (2.76-6.70) | |
| Tumor stage | ||||
| I | 307 100 (54.6) | 33 (6.0) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| II | 49 628 (8.8) | 35 (6.4) | 3.52 (2.12-5.84) | |
| III | 135 404 (24.1) | 334 (61.0) | 9.25 (6.17-13.85) | |
| IV | 69 912 (12.4) | 146 (26.6) | 8.87 (5.81-13.53) | |
| Surgery | ||||
| No surgery | 65 472 (11.7) | 50 (9.1) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Any surgery | 496 572 (88.4) | 498 (90.9) | 2.77 (1.94-3.96) | |
| Chemotherapy | ||||
| No | 319 934 (56.9) | 41 (7.5) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Yes | 242 110 (43.1) | 507 (92.5) | 2.78 (1.93-4.02) | |
| Radiation | ||||
| No | 413 012 (73.5) | 480 (87.6) | 1 [Reference] | .02 |
| Yes | 149 032 (26.5) | 68 (12.4) | 0.63 (0.43-0.92) | |
Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.
a
ORs and 95% CIs were adjusted for all variables in the table.
b
In the National Cancer Database, other race is not specified.