Table. Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics, Overall and by Treatment Groupa.
| Measure | Entire sample (N = 154) | MORE + usual care (n = 77) | Usual care (n = 77) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, No. (%) | |||
| Female | 88 (57) | 44 (57) | 44 (57) |
| Male | 66 (43) | 33 (43) | 33 (43) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 48.5 (11.8) | 49.2 (10.9) | 47.7 (11.3) |
| Race and ethnicity, No. (%)b | |||
| Black/African American | 62 (40) | 29 (38) | 33 (43) |
| Hispanic | 20 (13) | 11 (14) | 9 (12) |
| White | 80 (52) | 38 (49) | 42 (55) |
| Education, completed less than high school, No. (%) | 36 (23) | 19 (25) | 17 (22) |
| Unemployed, No. (%) | 132 (86) | 66 (86) | 66 (86) |
| Primary pain condition, No. (%)b | |||
| Back pain | 35 (23) | 21 (27) | 14 (18) |
| Spinal conditions | 34 (22) | 21 (27) | 13 (17) |
| Arthritis | 31 (20) | 13 (17) | 18 (23) |
| Osteoarthritis | 24 (16) | 16 (21) | 8 (10) |
| Other conditions (eg, migraine, knee pain) | 95 (62) | 48 (62) | 47 (61) |
| Taking over-the-counter or prescribed pain medication | 100 (65) | 53 (69) | 47 (61) |
| Used opioids in the past 30 d, No. (%)c | 81 (53) | 44 (57) | 40 (52) |
| Used any drugs in the past 30 d, No. (%)d | 112 (72) | 62 (81)e | 50 (63)e |
| Methadone dose, mean (SD), mg | 95.3 (40.0) | 93.8 (39.2) | 96.9 (41.2) |
| Drug screen positive for methadone, No. (%) | 145 (95) | 74 (96) | 71 (93) |
| Time taking methadone, mean (SD), y | 3.6 (4.6) | 4.2 (4.7) | 3.1 (4.3) |
| Anxiety, mean (SD)f | 24.4 (14.7) | 25.5 (14.1) | 23.3 (15.4) |
| Depression, mean (SD)g | 22.6 (11.2) | 22.5 (11.6) | 22.6 (11.0) |
| Pain, mean (SD)h | 5.2 (2.6) | 5.1 (2.7) | 5.2 (2.5) |
Abbreviation: MORE, Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement.
No statistically significant differences existed between-groups on any baseline variables, except baseline use of any drugs, χ2 = 6.52.
Participants could report more than one category.
Heroin, morphine, fentanyl, prescription pain medicine (not as prescribed).
Heroin, morphine, fentanyl, prescription pain medicine (not as prescribed), cocaine/crack, marijuana, amphetamines, hallucinogens, inhalants, or misuse of other prescription drugs (eg, benzodiazepines).
P = .02.
Measured with the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Higher scores indicate greater symptoms of anxiety. A score over 16 indicates moderate to severe anxiety.26
Measured with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Higher scores indicate greater symptoms of depression. A score over 16 indicates clinically significant depression.25
Pain in the present moment as measured with the Brief Pain Inventory on a scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as bad as you can imagine).