| Doses (how many) and outcome(s) | Tier | Risk of bias domains a | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | No. Doses | Outcome(s) | Tier | Randomisation | Allocation concealment | Identical experimental conditions | Blinding | Attrition | Confidence in exposure | Confidence in outcome | Other biases (litter effects) |
| Studies in rats | |||||||||||
| Sprowles et al. (2018) | 1 | Elevated zero mazeLight↔dark testOpen‐fieldPPI of acoustic startleCincinnati water mazeMorris water mazeLatent inhibition | 1 | + | NR | ++ | NR | − | + | + | ++ |
| Avila et al. (2010) | 1 | Open‐fieldRotarod test | 1 | + | NR | ++ | NR | ++ | + | + | |
| Avila et al. (2008) | 2 | Open‐field | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | ++ | + | NR | |
| Beaudin et al. (2013) | 2 | Staircase test | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | + | ++ |
| Beaudin, Strupp, Uribe, et al. (2017) | 2 | Focused Attention TasksSelective Attention Task with Olfactory Distracters | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | + | ++ | NR | + | ++ |
| Brenneman et al. (1999) | 2 | Motor function | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | ++ | NR | ++ |
| Conley et al. (2020) | 2 | Open‐field | 2 | NR | ++ | + | ++ | + | NR | ++ | ++ |
| Dorman et al. (2000) | 2 | Motor functionPassive Avoidance Acoustic startle | 2 | + | NR | ++ | NR | + | + | NR | ++ |
| Kern et al. (2010) | 2 | Elevated plus maze | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | + | |
| Ohishi et al. (2012) | 3 | Functional examination in F1 Grip strength in F1 T‐maze test in F1 | 2 | + | NR | ++ | NR | ++ | + | NR | ++ |
| Oshiro et al. (2022) | 2 | Novel object recognition Morris water maze Two‐choice reaction time | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | + | NR | ++ |
| Pappas et al. (1997) | 2 | Elevated plus maze on PND90 Spontaneous motor activity on PND17 Morris water maze on PND 25–20 Radial arm maze on PND90 | 2 | + | NR | ++ | NR | + | + | NR | + |
| Reichel et al. (2006) | 2 | Developmental landmarks (PND 1 to 21) Sensory and motor function (PND 9 to 13) Negative geotaxis (PND 8 to 12) Locomotor activity and | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | + | NR | ++ |
| Sentürk and Oner (1996) | 2 | T‐maze | 2 | NR | NR | + | NR | + | + | + | |
| Torrente et al. (2005) | 2 | Open‐field Water maze task Passive avoidance | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | ++ | + | NR | |
| Tran, Chowanadisai, Lönnerdal, et al. (2002) | 3 | Burrowing detour test Passive avoidance test | 2 | + | NR | + | NR | + | NR | NR | NR |
| Tran, Chowanadisai, Crinella, et al. (2002) | 3 | Righting test on PND 6 Homing test on PDN 10 Passive avoidance test | 2 | + | NR | + | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| Vezér et al. (2005, 2007) | 2 | 8 arm maze Open‐field | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | − | + | NR | |
| Amos‐Kroohs et al. (2015) | 1 | Locomotor activity Sucrose preference Elevated zero maze | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | + | |
| Amos‐Kroohs et al. (2017) | 1 | Cincinnati water maze Morris water maze | 3 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| Andrade et al. (2017) | 1 | Motor function | 2 | + | NR | NR | NR | + | + | NR | |
| Bailey et al. (2019) | 1 | Cincinnati water maze Morris water maze Conditioned freezing Open‐field test | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | ++ | + | + | + |
| Beaudin et al. (2015) | 1 | Skilled forelimb performance Staircase test | 2 | + | NR | ++ | NR | ++ | NR | NR | ++ |
| Beaudin, Strupp, Uribe, et al. (2017) | 1 | Baseline attention task Selective attention task | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | ++ | NR | + | |
| Betharia and Maher (2012) | 1 | Morris water maze Open‐field | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | − | + | NR | + |
| Betharia and Maher (2012) | 1 | Surface righting reflex on PND1 to 10 | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | − | + | + | + |
| Fordahl et al. (2012) | 1 | Home Cage | 2 | + | NR | ++ | NR | ++ | NR | NR | |
| Kwieciński and Nowak (2009) | 1 | Elevated plus maze Vogel conflict drinking test | 3 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | ++ | NR | NR | |
| Leung et al. (1982) | 1 | Open‐field test non‐injected | 3 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| McDougall et al. (2008) | 1 | Rotarod test Fixed and progressive ratio tests | 3 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | −− | NR | NR | ++ |
| Molina et al. (2011) | 1 |
Elevate Pluz maze |
2 | + | NR | ++ | NR | − | + | NR | + |
| Muthaiah et al. (2016) | 1 | Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOE) Compound action potential (CAP) Auditory brainstem response (ABR) Cochleogram | 2 | + | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| Nachtman et al. (1986) | 1 | Locomotor activity at 5 weeks Locomotor activity with d‐amphetamine at 14 and 65 weeks | 3 | NR | NR | NR | NR | ++ | NR | NR | |
| Nkpaa, Amadi, Wegwu, and Farombi (2019) | 1 | Open‐field test Forelimb grip test Negative Geotaxis | 2 | + | NR | − | + | + | + | NR | |
| Nkpaa et al. (2019) | 1 | Morris water maze | 2 | + | NR | + | NR | − | + | NR | |
| Nkpaa et al. (2022) | 1 | Locomotive activities | 2 | + | NR | + | NR | ++ | + | NR | |
| Nowak et al. (2011) | 1 | Oral activity Yawning behaviour Stereotyped behaviour | 3 | NR | NR | + | NR | + | NR | NR | NR |
| Oner and Sentürk (1995) | 1 | T‐maze | 2 | NR | NR | NR | NR | ++ | + | NR | |
| Su et al. (2017) | 1 | Morris Water Maze Test | 2 | + | NR | ++ | NR | + | ++ | NR | |
| Sun et al. (2020) | 1 | Morris water maze | 3 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| Takács et al. (2012) | 1 | Open‐field ECoG | 3 | NR | NR | NR | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| Wang et al. (2020) | 1 | Locomotive activities | 2 | + | NR | + | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| Zhang et al. (2021) | 1 | Sunflower seed‐eating test Beam walking test | 2 | + | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| Kern and Smith (2011) | 2 | Open arena | 3 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| Kern et al. (2010) | 2 | Open arena 8‐arm radial maze | 3 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| Bonilla (1984) | 2 | Behavioural testing ‐ Motor function | 3 | NR | NR | + | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| Studies in mice | |||||||||||
| Foster et al. (2018) | 2 | Motor function | 2 | + | −− | + | NR | −− | + | NR |
++ |
| Moreno et al. (2009) | 2 | Open‐field | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | − | + | NR | |
| Ohgami et al. (2016) | 2 | Hearing measurements (ABR) | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | + | − | |
| Yang et al. (2021) | 3 | Rotarod test Morris water maze test | 2 | + | NR | ++ | NR | ++ | + | NR | |
| Biswas et al. (2019) | 1 | Elevated plus maze | 2 | NR | NR | + | NR | ++ | + | NR | |
| Biswas et al. (2019) | 1 | Morris water maze | 2 | NR | NR | + | NR | ++ | + | + | |
| Chepukosi et al. (2021) | 1 | Rapid murine comma and behaviour scale | 2 | + | NR | + | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| Freeman et al. (2020) | 1 | Beam traversal test Cylinder test | 2 | NR | NR | + | NR | + | + | + | |
| Freeman et al. (2020) | 1 | Rotarod test | 2 | NR | NR | + | NR | + | + | NR | |
| Hill et al. (2015) | 1 | Tube test Marble burying 3‐chambered box Nest building | 2 | + | NR | + | NR | + | + | NR | ++ |
| Kim et al. (2017) | 1 | Open‐field | 2 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | + | NR | |
| Krishna et al. (2014) | 1 | Open‐field Grip strength Forced swim test Pole test | 2 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | + | |
| Wilcox et al. (2022) | 1 | Elevated zero maze Locomotor activity Grip strength Rotarod | 2 | + | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| Wilcox et al. (2022) | 1 | Y‐maze Nest building | 2 | + | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | + | |
| Anjum et al. (2019) | 1 | Elevated plus maze Morris water maze | 3 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | − | NR | NR | |
| Chandra et al. (1979) | 1 | Locomotor activity | 3 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| Komura and Sakamoto (1991) | 1 | Motor function | 3 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| Komura and Sakamoto (1992) | 1 | Motor function | 3 | NR | NR | + | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| Peneder et al. (2011) | 1 | Motor function | 3 | NR | NR | + | NR | + | NR | NR | |
| Streifel et al. (2012) | 1 | Open‐field Elevated plus maze | 3 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | NR | NR |
| Studies in primates | |||||||||||
| Golub et al. (2005) | 2 | Motor function (1–14 weeks) Automated activity monitoring (4 and 8 months) Dyadic social interactions (1 to 5.5 months) | 3 | NR | NR | ++ | NR | + | NR | NR | |
a
Expert judgement was translated into a rating scale for each question to be answered as follows: (++): definitely low RoB; (+): probably low RoB; (NR): not reported; (−): probably high RoB; (− −): definitively high RoB.