Table 3.
Characteristics of participants according to HIV status in Brazil and Peru (2021–2022).
| Brazil |
Peru |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV negative | Long-standing HIV infection | Recent HIV Infection | p-value | HIV negative | Long-standing HIV infection | Recent HIV infection | p-value | |
| N (%) | 4219 (92.0) | 303 (6.6) | 64 (1.4) | NA | 1896 (82.0) | 344 (14.9) | 73 (3.1) | NA |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 27 (23–33) | 28 (23–34) | 25.5 (22–29) | 0.022 | 28 (23–37) | 28 (23–34) | 25 (22–31) | 0.0010 |
| 18–24 | 1385 (32.8) | 101 (33.3) | 28 (43.7) | 0.020 | 572 (30.2) | 109 (31.7) | 32 (43.8) | 0.015 |
| 25–30 | 1440 (34.1) | 95 (31.4) | 27 (42.2) | 520 (27.4) | 108 (31.4) | 22 (30.1) | ||
| >30 | 1394 (33.0) | 107 (35.3) | 9 (14.1) | 804 (42.4) | 127 (36.9) | 19 (26.0) | ||
| Gender | 0.14 | 0.054 | ||||||
| Cisgender men | 3689 (87.4) | 269 (88.8) | 57 (89.1) | 1563 (82.4) | 304 (88.4) | 64 (87.7) | ||
| Transgender women | 430 (10.2) | 33 (10.9) | 7 (10.9) | 243 (12.8) | 30 (8.7) | 8 (11.0) | ||
| Non-binary or gender diverse | 100 (2.4) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 90 (4.7) | 10 (2.9) | 1 (1.4) | ||
| Race | <0.0001 | 0.36 | ||||||
| White | 1547 (36.7) | 73 (24.1) | 25 (39.1) | 211 (11.1) | 46 (13.4) | 9 (12.3) | ||
| Black | 1115 (26.4) | 114 (37.6) | 16 (25.0) | 27 (1.4) | 10 (2.9) | 0 (0) | ||
| Pardo or Mestizo (mix-race) | 1485 (35.2) | 111 (36.6) | 22 (34.4) | 1618 (85.3) | 279 (81.1) | 62 (84.9) | ||
| Asian | 42 (1.0) | 4 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 12 (0.6) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0) | ||
| Indigenous | 30 (0.7) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (1.6) | 28 (1.5) | 7 (2.0) | 2 (2.7) | ||
| Education (complete) | <0.0001 | 0.016 | ||||||
| Primary | 407 (9.6) | 60 (19.8) | 8 (12.5) | 179 (9.4) | 30 (8.7) | 4 (5.5) | ||
| Secondary | 2277 (54.0) | 187 (61.7) | 40 (62.5) | 1444 (76.2) | 248 (72.1) | 50 (68.5) | ||
| Post-secondary | 1535 (36.4) | 56 (18.5) | 16 (25.0) | 273 (14.4) | 66 (19.2) | 19 (26.0) | ||
| Income per capitaa | <0.0001 | 0.63 | ||||||
| <0.5 | 399 (9.6) | 44 (14.7) | 11 (17.2) | 476 (25.6) | 97 (28.5) | 20 (28.2) | ||
| 0.5−<1 | 889 (21.5) | 79 (26.3) | 15 (23.4) | 734 (39.4) | 123 (36.2) | 32 (45.1) | ||
| 1−<2 | 1560 (37.7) | 123 (41.0) | 24 (37.5) | 585 (31.4) | 107 (31.5) | 18 (25.4) | ||
| ≥2 | 1289 (31.2) | 54 (18.0) | 14 (21.9) | 68 (3.7) | 13 (3.8) | 1 (1.4) | ||
| HIV testing | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Never | 421 (10.0) | 75 (24.8) | 5 (7.8) | 235 (12.4) | 95 (27.6) | 8 (11.0) | ||
| Last 3 months | 937 (22.2) | 15 (5.0) | 11 (17.2) | 115 (6.1) | 12 (3.5) | 5 (6.8) | ||
| >3–6 months | 875 (20.7) | 28 (9.2) | 12 (18.8) | 476 (25.1) | 31 (9.0) | 13 (17.6) | ||
| >6–12 months | 853 (20.2) | 49 (16.2) | 14 (21.9) | 441 (23.3) | 49 (14.2) | 20 (27.4) | ||
| >12 months | 1133 (26.9) | 136 (44.9) | 22 (34.4) | 629 (33.2) | 157 (45.6) | 27 (37.0) | ||
| HIV perceived risk (next 12 months) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Low | 2634 (62.4) | 118 (38.9) | 22 (34.4) | 824 (43.5) | 79 (23.0) | 24 (32.9) | ||
| Moderate | 1163 (27.6) | 88 (29.0) | 19 (29.7) | 755 (39.8) | 133 (38.7) | 22 (30.1) | ||
| High | 422 (10.0) | 97 (32.0) | 23 (35.9) | 317 (16.7) | 132 (38.4) | 27 (37.0) | ||
| Number of sex-partnersb | 0.10 | 0.094 | ||||||
| ≤5 partners | 2685 (63.6) | 206 (68.0) | 35 (54.7) | 1241 (65.5) | 245 (71.2) | 51 (69.9) | ||
| >5 partners | 1534 (36.4) | 97 (32.0) | 29 (45.3) | 655 (34.5) | 99 (28.8) | 22 (30.1) | ||
| Condomless sexb | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| No | 992 (23.5) | 35 (11.6) | 6 (9.4) | 420 (22.2) | 39 (11.3) | 5 (6.8) | ||
| Yes | 3227 (76.5) | 268 (88.4) | 58 (90.6) | 1476 (77.8) | 305 (88.7) | 68 (93.2) | ||
| Condomless receptive anal sexb | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| No | 1881 (44.6) | 74 (24.4) | 12 (18.8) | 992 (52.3) | 107 (31.1) | 24 (32.9) | ||
| Yes | 2338 (55.4) | 229 (75.6) | 52 (81.2) | 904 (47.7) | 237 (68.9) | 49 (67.1) | ||
| Translactional sexb | 0.012 | 0.0060 | ||||||
| No | 3869 (91.7) | 265 (87.5) | 55 (85.9) | 1434 (75.6) | 262 (82.0) | 63 (86.3) | ||
| Yes | 350 (8.3) | 38 (12.5) | 9 (14.1) | 462 (24.4) | 62 (18.0) | 10 (13.7) | ||
| Substance useb | 0.51 | 0.10 | ||||||
| No | 2722 (64.5) | 198 (65.3) | 37 (57.8) | 1722 (90.8) | 307 (89.2) | 71 (97.3) | ||
| Yes | 1497 (35.5) | 105 (34.7) | 27 (42.2) | 174 (9.2) | 37 (10.8) | 2 (2.7) | ||
| Binge drinkingb | 0.21 | 0.66 | ||||||
| No | 1680 (39.8) | 105 (34.7) | 25 (39.1) | 928 (48.9) | 160 (46.5) | 37 (50.7) | ||
| Yes | 2539 (60.2) | 198 (65.3) | 39 (60.9) | 968 (51.1) | 184 (53.5) | 36 (49.3) | ||
| Sexually transmitted infections symptoms or diagnosesb | 0.15 | 0.015 | ||||||
| No | 3517 (83.4) | 240 (79.2) | 55 (85.9) | 1434 (75.6) | 235 (68.3) | 53 (72.6) | ||
| Yes | 702 (16.6) | 63 (20.8) | 9 (14.1) | 462 (24.4) | 109 (31.7) | 20 (27.4) | ||
a
Number of minimum wages (overall income of the family unit per month)/number of persons living on this income. Minimum wage per month in Brazil in 2022 was R$1212 (USD 230) and in Peru the minimum wage was 930 soles (USD250).
b
Past 6 months.