Fig. 10.

Schematic illustration of the characterization of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-Exo) and their impact on the suppression of inflammation. (A) Western blot analysis was used to assess the protein expression in exosomes derived from the umbilical cord. (B) A representative scanning electron microscopy image is presented, depicting the morphology of MSC-Exo (indicated by arrowheads). (C) The size distribution of isolated MSC-Exo is shown. (D) The protein expression of Nrf2-NF-κB signaling in primary cultured astrocytes was assessed using western blotting. (E) Representative photos depicting the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 (shown by a white arrow) and P-65 (also indicated by a white arrow) in astrocytes triggered by LPS. (F–H) Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to determine the RNA levels of TNF-α (F), IL-1β(G), and IL-6 (H) in the hippocampus tissues of the experimental groups. The expression levels were measured relative to those of the reference gene Gapdh. Copyright 2019 Theranostics [112].