TABLE 5.
The antimicrobial effects of Anchusa strigosa.
| Extract | Dose | Experimental model | Organisms | Main results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibacterial | |||||
| Essential oil and fixed oil of the flowers | Dose range: 10–500 μg/mL Minimal active dose: - Essential oil:200 μg/mL - fixed oil: 500 μg/mL | Method: Agar disk diffusion | Bacillus subtilis | - Essential oil was more active than fixed oil - Essential oil showed potent activity specially against Pseudomouos aeruginsa, Proteus sp. and Streptococcus faecalis - Fixed oil showed strong activity against P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp. and, Proteus sp. | Al-Salihi F. et al. (2009) |
| Positive control: | Enterobacter sp. | ||||
| - Pencillin (10 units) | Escherichia coli | ||||
| - Ampicillin (10 mg) | Klebsiella sp. | ||||
| - Carbenicillin (100 mg) | Proteus sp. | ||||
| - Chloramphenicol (30 mg) | Pseudomouos aeruginsa | ||||
| - Nitrofurantion (300 mg) | Staphylococcus aureus Staphyloccus epidermidis | ||||
| - Nalidixic acid (30 mg) | Streptococcus faecalis | ||||
| - Cephalexin (30 mg) | Streptococcus viridance | ||||
| - Tetracycline (30 mg) | |||||
| - Kanamycin (30 mg) | |||||
| - Erythromycin (15 mg) | |||||
| Total lipids of flowers using n-hexane | Dose range: 0.01–10 mg/mL Minimal active dose: 0.5 mg/mL | Method: Agar disk diffusion | Bacillus subtilis | - Strong antibacterial activity. - More effective against gram-positive bacteria. - Most susceptible Gram-positive bacteria was Streptococcus faecalis.- Most susceptible gram-negative bacteria was Pseudomonas aeruoginosa. | Al-Salihi F. et al. (2007) |
| Positive control: | Enterobacter sp. | ||||
| - Pencillin (10 units) | Escherichia coli | ||||
| - Ampicillin (10 mg) | Klebsiella sp. | ||||
| - Carbenicillin (100 mg) | Proteus sp. | ||||
| - Chloramphenicol (30 mg) | Pseudomonas aeruoginosa | ||||
| - Nitrofurantion (300 mg) | Staphylococcus aureus | ||||
| - Nalidixic acid (30 mg) | Staphylococcus epidermidis | ||||
| - Cephalexin (30 mg) | Streptococcus faecalis | ||||
| - Tetracycline (30 mg) | Streptococcus viridians | ||||
| - Kanamycin (30 mg) | |||||
| - Erythromycin (15 mg) | |||||
| Ethanolic extract of aerial parts | 10 mg/mL | Method: Agar disk diffusion | Escherichia coli | - Strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus | Ali-Shtayeh et al. (1998) |
| Positive control: | Klebsiella pneumonia | ||||
| - Ampicillin | Proteus vulgaris | ||||
| - Penicillin-G | Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus | ||||
| - Gentamicin | |||||
| Ethanolic extract of leaves and flowers | 0.1 mg/mL | Method: WST-1 assay | Acinetobacter baumannii | - Strong activity against drug-resistant bacteria | Yarmolinsky et al. (2022) |
| Escherichia coli | |||||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | |||||
| Salmonella enteritidis Serratia marcescens | |||||
| Aqueous extract of aerial parts | 10 mg/mL | Method: Agar disk diffusion | Escherichia coli | - Good antibacterial activity against Proteus vulgaris | Ali-Shtayeh et al. (1998) |
| Positive control: | Klebsiella pneumonia | ||||
| - Ampicillin | Proteus vulgaris | ||||
| - Penicillin-G | Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus | ||||
| - Gentamicin | |||||
| Aqueous extract of stems, leaves, and roots | Not specified | Method: Agar disk diffusion | Aeromonas hydrophila | - Strong antibacterial effect against Photobacterium damselae | Abutbul et al. (2005) |
| Photobacterium damselae | |||||
| Streptococcus iniae | |||||
| Vibrio alginolyticus | |||||
| Antifungal | |||||
| Ethanolic extract of aerial parts | 10 mg/mL | Method: Agar disk diffusion | Candida albicans | - Good antifungal activity | Ali-Shtayeh et al. (1998) |
| Positive control: | |||||
| - Nystatin | |||||
| Aqueous extract of aerial parts | 15 μg/mL | Method: Agar dilution | Microsporum canis | - Good inhibitory effect against the three tested dermatophytes | Ali-Shtayeh and Abu Ghdeib (1999) |
| Positive control: | Trichophyton mentagrophytes | ||||
| - Griseofulvin | Trichophyton violaceum | ||||