TABLE 6.
The pharmacological effects of Anchusa strigosa.
| Extract | Dose | Experimental model | Observations | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antifeedant | ||||
| Pyrrolizidine alkaloids isolated from A. strigosa | Dose range: 0.01–10 μg/cm2 | Method:Free choice feeding assay | - Concentration-dependant antifeedant activity against Pieris brassicae and Spodoptera exigua | Siciliano et al. (2005) |
| Pro-wound healing | ||||
| Methanolic extract of leaves and flowers | 50 μg/mL | Method: Scratch assay on human dermal fibroblasts cell line (in vitro wound healing model) | - Significant stimulation of wound healing - Crude extract had a stronger pro-wound healing activity than each identified metabolite alone | Yarmolinsky et al. (2022) |
| Anticancer | ||||
| Hydro-ethanolic extract of aerial parts | Dose range: 0–200 μg/mL IC50: - 252 μg/mL (SW480) - 186 μg/mL (HTC116) | Method: in vitro MTT cell viability assay on human colorectal cancer cell lines (SW480 and HCT116) | - Showed the strongest anti-proliferative activity among tested plants | Dibas et al. (2017) |
| Extracts of leaves or roots obtained by different solvents | Dose range: 3.9–250 μg/mL | Method: in vitro SRB cell viability assay on colorectal cancer (Caco-2) and breast cancer (T-47D, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7) cell lines | - Leaves showed stronger anti-proliferative activity than the roots | Al-Khatib et al. (2021) |
| Ethanolic extract of aerial parts | Dose range: 0.01–100 μg/mL | Method: in vitro SRB cell viability assay on colorectal cancer (HT-29) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines | - Showed moderate cytotoxicity against both HT-29 and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values of 188.84 μg/mL ± 12.91 and 191.48 μg/mL ± 5.67 at 72 h, compared to the other tested plants | Alruwad et al. (2023) |
| IC50: | ||||
| −188.84 μg/mL (HT-29) | ||||
| −191.48 μg/mL (MCF-7) | ||||
| Aqueous extract of leaves | Dose range: 200–400 μg/mL | Method: - in vitro MTT cell viability assay on pancreatic ductal carcinoma cell line (Capan-2) - Western blot - Scratch assay | - Significantly inhibited cell proliferation (with IC50 values of 2136.6, 404.98, and 370.6 μg/mL at 24, 48, and 72 h). - induced apoptosis, and inhibited cell migration. | Chebaro et al. (2023) |
| IC50: | ||||
| −2136.6 μg/mL (24 h) | ||||
| −404.98 μg/mL (48 h) | ||||
| −370.6 μg/mL (72 h) | ||||
| Anti-inflammatory | ||||
| Aqueous and methanolic extracts of the whole plant | Dose range: 250 and 500 mg/kg Minimal active dose: 250 mg/kg | Method: Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats Positive control: - Betamethasone (3 mg/kg) | - Both extracts attenuated paw edema, arthritis index, and hematological abnormalities, in addition to restauration of body weight | Alallan et al. (2018) |
| Gastroprotective | ||||
| Aqueous extract of roots | Dose range: 0.04 and 0.08 g/animal Minimal active dose: 0.04 g/animal | Method: Ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats | - Pre-treatment decreased the ulcer index by 82.4% and 93.2% according to morphometric and planimetric methods, respectively. - Inhibited stomach ulceration in a concentration-dependent manner | Disi et al. (1998) |
| Aqueous extract of roots | 0.286 g/kg body weight/day | Method: Ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in guinea pigs | - Treatment with the therapeutic dose healed the gastric lesions, resulting in full recovery | Disi et al. (1998) |
| Ethanolic extract of roots (petroleum ether fraction) | 5 ml/kg | Method: Ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats | - Caused 91% inhibition of gastric lesions | Abbas et al. (2009) |
| Ethanolic extract of roots (chloroform fraction) | 5 ml/kg | Method: Ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats | - Caused 86% inhibition of gastric lesions | Abbas et al. (2009) |
| Ethanolic extract of roots (butanol fraction) | 5 ml/kg | Method: Ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats | - Caused 65% inhibition of gastric lesions | Abbas et al. (2009) |
| Ethanolic extract of roots (aqueous fraction) | 5 ml/kg | Method: Ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats |
- No significant inhibition | Abbas et al. (2009) |
| Aqueous extract of roots | Not specified | Method: Pepsin inhibition assay | - Pepsin was inhibited by the crude extract | Abuereish (1998) |
| Antidiabetic | ||||
| Aqueous extract of flowers | Dose range: 250 and 500 mg/kg | Method: Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model | - Decreased blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in a dose-dependent manner | Beyatli and Ari (2012) |
| Minimal active dose: 250 mg/kg | Positive control: Glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg) | - Increased serum insulin levels and hepatic glycogen levels in a dose-dependent manner | ||