Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by DCBA content categories: NHANES 2007–2016.
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1,892 | 1,888 | 1,895 | 1,892 | |
| Age | 51.66 ± 17.24 | 48.99 ± 17.66 | 47.76 ± 17.51 | 47.54 ± 17.24 | < 0.001 |
| Gender ( N , %) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Male | 839 (44.34) | 891 (47.19) | 934 (49.29) | 1,011 (53.44) | |
| Female | 1,053 (55.66) | 997 (52.81) | 961 (50.71) | 881 (46.56) | |
| Race ( N , %) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 305 (16.12) | 264 (13.98) | 266 (14.04) | 288 (15.22) | |
| Other Hispanic | 192 (10.15) | 205 (10.86) | 214 (11.29) | 161 (8.51) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 807 (42.65) | 805 (42.64) | 793 (41.85) | 893 (47.20) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 248 (13.11) | 429 (22.72) | 463 (24.43) | 407 (21.51) | |
| Other races | 340 (17.97) | 185 (9.80) | 159 (8.39) | 143 (7.56) | |
| Education ( N , %) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Less than college | 814 (43.02) | 852 (45.13) | 875 (46.17) | 929 (49.10) | |
| Some college | 542 (28.65) | 573 (30.35) | 613 (32.35) | 553 (29.23) | |
| College graduate or above | 536 (28.33) | 463 (24.52) | 407 (21.48) | 410 (21.67) | |
| Marital status ( N , %) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Married | 1,064 (56.24) | 942 (49.89) | 906 (47.81) | 1,028 (54.33) | |
| Single | 733 (38.74) | 799 (42.32) | 835 (44.06) | 694 (36.68) | |
| Living with a partner | 95 (5.02) | 147 (7.79) | 154 (8.13) | 170 (8.99) | |
| Poverty income ratio (mean ±SD) | 2.70 ± 1.66 | 2.47 ± 1.61 | 2.38 ± 1.62 | 2.44 ± 1.63 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) (mean ±SD) | 28.29 ± 6.41 | 29.11 ± 6.90 | 29.59 ± 7.13 | 29.65 ± 7.04 | < 0.001 |
| Smoking ( N , %) | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 100 cigarettes in life | 761 (40.22) | 798 (42.27) | 860 (45.38) | 971 (51.32) | |
| ≥100 cigarettes in life | 1,130 (59.73) | 1,090 (57.73) | 1,034 (54.56) | 920 (48.63) | |
| Alcohol ( N , %) | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 12 drinks/year | 1,194 (68.50) | 1,242 (71.09) | 1,270 (72.41) | 1,342 (76.34) | |
| ≥12 drinks/year | 549 (31.50) | 503 (28.79) | 483 (27.54) | 415 (23.61) | |
| Diabetes ( N , %) | 0.840 | ||||
| Yes | 238 (12.58) | 230 (12.18) | 219 (11.56) | 211 (11.15) | |
| No | 1,614 (85.31) | 1,618 (85.70) | 1,630 (86.02) | 1,637 (86.52) | |
| Hypertension ( N , %) | 0.864 | ||||
| Yes | 685 (36.21) | 668 (35.38) | 688 (36.31) | 671 (35.47) | |
| No | 1,206 (63.74) | 1,217 (64.46) | 1,206 (63.64) | 1,218 (64.38) | |
| Kidney stones ( N , %) | 0.043 | ||||
| Yes | 1,735 (91.70) | 1,708 (90.47) | 1,723 (90.92) | 1,685 (89.06) | |
| No | 157 (8.30) | 180 (9.53) | 172 (9.08) | 207 (10.94) | |
| Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ml/min (mean ±SD) | 97.05 ± 12.42 | 99.66 ± 12.60 | 100.53 ± 12.85 | 100.87 ± 12.64 | < 0.001 |
| DEET (ug/L) (mean ±SD) | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.23 ± 3.16 | < 0.001 |
| DCBA (ug/L) (mean ±SD) | 0.45 ± 0.17 | 1.27 ± 0.39 | 3.95 ± 1.45 | 421.37 ± 8949.91 | < 0.001 |
| DHMB (ug/L) (mean ±SD) | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.08 | 9.80 ± 298.29 | < 0.001 |
Q1–Q4: Grouped by quartile according to the DCBA (Q1-Q4). If it is a continuous variable, the Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test was used to determine it. The p-value for continuous variables with a theoretical value of < 10 was determined using Fisher's exact probability test. With regard to categorical data, the p-value was calculated using weighted chi-square. Values are presented as means + SD or %. SD, standards deviation; DEET, N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide; DCBA, 3-diethyl-carbamoyl benzoic acid; DHMB N, N-diethyl-3-hydroxymethylbenzamide.