Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of selected participants in NHANES between 2007 and 2016 by categories of kidney stones.
| All | Without kidney stones (n = 6,851) | With kidney stones (n = 716) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 48.99 ± 17.49 | 48.31 ± 17.46 | 55.44 ± 16.41 | < 0.001 |
| Gender ( N , %) | < 0.001 | |||
| Male | 3,675 (48.57) | 3,284 (47.93) | 391 (54.61) | |
| Female | 3,892 (51.43) | 3,567 (52.07) | 325 (45.39) | |
| Race ( N , %) | < 0.001 | |||
| Mexican American | 1,123 (14.84) | 1,019 (14.87) | 104 (14.53) | |
| Other Hispanic | 772 (10.20) | 692 (10.10) | 80 (11.17) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 3,298 (43.58) | 2,917 (42.58) | 381 (53.21) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1,547 (20.44) | 1,447 (21.12) | 100 (13.97) | |
| Other races | 827 (10.93) | 776 (11.33) | 51 (7.12) | |
| Education ( N , %) | 0.013 | |||
| Less than college | 3,470 (45.86) | 3,118 (45.51) | 352 (49.16) | |
| College | 2,281 (30.14) | 2,057 (30.02) | 224 (31.28) | |
| College graduate or above | 1,816 (24.00) | 1,676 (24.46) | 140 (19.55) | |
| Marital status ( N , %) | < 0.001 | |||
| Married | 3,940 (52.07) | 3,510 (51.23) | 430 (60.06) | |
| Single | 3,061 (40.45) | 2,808 (40.99) | 253 (35.34) | |
| Living with a partner | 566 (7.48) | 533 (7.78) | 33 (4.61) | |
| Poverty income ratio (mean ±SD) | 2.50 ± 1.63 | 2.50 ± 1.63 | 2.47 ± 1.61 | 0.601 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) (mean ±SD) | 29.16 ± 6.89 | 28.99 ± 6.89 | 30.78 ± 6.73 | < 0.001 |
| Smoking ( N , %) | 0.025 | |||
| < 100 cigarettes in life | 3,390 (44.80) | 3,031 (44.24) | 359 (50.14) | |
| ≥100 cigarettes in life | 4,174 (55.16) | 3,817 (55.71) | 357 (49.86) | |
| Alcohol ( N , %) | 0.397 | |||
| < 12 drinks/year | 5,048 (72.09) | 4,575 (72.30) | 473 (70.18) | |
| ≥12 drinks/year | 1,950 (27.85) | 1,749 (27.64) | 201 (29.82) | |
| Diabetes ( N , %) | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 898 (11.87) | 737 (10.76) | 161 (22.49) | |
| No | 6,499 (85.89) | 5,973 (87.18) | 526 (73.46) | |
| Hypertension ( N , %) | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 2,712 (35.84) | 2,339 (34.14) | 373 (52.09) | |
| No | 4,847 (64.05) | 4,504 (65.74) | 343 (47.91) | |
| Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ml/min (mean ±SD) | 99.53 ± 12.72 | 99.96 ± 12.72 | 95.39 ± 11.96 | < 0.001 |
| DEET (ug/L) (mean ±SD) | 0.10 ± 1.55 | 0.10 ± 1.63 | 0.08 ± 0.19 | 0.001 |
| DCBA (ug/L) (mean ±SD) | 106.78 ± 4478.05 | 106.65 ± 4689.81 | 108.00 ± 1217.17 | 0.01 |
| DHMB (ug/L) (mean ±SD) | 2.41 ± 146.30 | 2.59 ± 153.47 | 0.56 ± 4.76 | 0.009 |
If it is a continuous variable, the Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test was used to determine it. The p-value for continuous variables with a theoretical value of < 10 was determined using Fisher's exact probability test. With regard to categorical data, the p-value was calculated using weighted chi-square. Values are presented as means + SD or %. SD, standards deviation; DEET, N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide; DCBA, 3-diethyl-carbamoyl benzoic acid; DHMB N, N-diethyl-3-hydroxymethylbenzamide.