TABLE 2.
Previous investigations for the removal of CR dye by using IONPs and their composites.
| Type of IONPs | Size of IONPs (nm) | Initial dye concentration (ppm) | Adsorption capacity (mg/g) | Removal % | Time of contact (min) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incense stick ash | 40–90 | 72% | 60 | Yadav et al. (2022) | ||
| Fe3O4/NiO | 50 | 100 | 98.87% | 90 | Koohi et al. (2021) | |
| Fe3O4 NPs functionalized with 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid | 20 | 20 | 630 | 97% | 15 | Chatterjee et al. (2020) |
| Fly ash@Fe3O4 mixture | Mean 3.34 µm (by DLS) | 10–100 | 154 mg/g | 20 | Harja et al. (2022) | |
| α-Fe2O3 | 200–500 | 50 | 139.86 | 60 | Jia et al. (2015) | |
| Fe3O4 | 200–500 | 50 | 84.96 | 120 | ||
| γ-Fe2O3 | 2,000–500 | 50 | 69.35 | 120 | ||
| γ-Fe2O3–Al2O3 phases | 100 | 498 | 15 | Mahapatra et al. (2013) | ||
| IONPs | 12–28 | 50 | 305.59 | 33–47.5 | 60 | Current investigation |