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. 2023 Dec 8;24:283. doi: 10.1186/s13059-023-03131-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Community composition analysis of the gut microbiota of nurse and forager bees. A Boxplot of the bacterial loads of each gut represented by the number of bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies relative to 1 ng of total DNA. B Stacked bar plot of the bacterial phylotype composition for each sample. White separators within a phylotype delineate the different species. C NMDS plot of the samples’ bacterial phylotype composition. D NMDS plot of the samples’ bacterial species composition. E Log2 fold change in total normalized absolute abundance of bacterial species in forager samples relative to nurse samples from the same hive. Asterisks mark species with significant differences between nurses and foragers (Wilcoxon signed-rank test of the normalized absolute abundance of each species in the foragers against the nurses, q-value < 0.05). Data points for species of the same phylotype are shown in the same color. Horizontal bars represent medians