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. 2023 Dec 8;24:283. doi: 10.1186/s13059-023-03131-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Differences in functional gene content within species of the gut microbiota between nurse and forager bees. A Number of orthologous groups (OGs) significantly differing in coverage for each of the species. B Repartition of the COG categories of the significant OGs, nurse-enriched and forager-enriched included. OGs that were not categorized or categorized as COG S were not included in the plot. C Figure adapted from [37]. Possible ethanolamine utilization pathway enabled by the operon shown in D. D Genomic island containing the ethanolamine utilization and vitamin B12 biosynthesis genes, and its presence in the isolate genomes of the bacterial genome database. Genes enriched in the forager samples are in bold and flagged with an asterisk