Table 2.
Adjusted hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval of coronary artery disease by air pollution exposure
| Air pollutants | Air pollution concentration quartiles | Per 10 μg/m3 increment | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | Fourth | ||||
| PM2.5 | Concentration (μg/m3, range) | 8.2–9.3 | 9.4–9.9 | 10.0–10.6 | 10.7–21.3 | ||
| No. of cases | 4,916 | 5,258 | 5,434 | 5,581 | |||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.12 (1.08, 1.16) | 1.18 (1.14, 1.23) | 1.30 (1.25, 1.35) | 2.56 (2.27, 2.90) | < 2.00E-16 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 1.25 (1.09, 1.44) | 0.001 | |
| PM2.5–10 | Concentration (μg/m3, range) | 5.6–5.8 | 5.9–6.1 | 6.2–6.6 | 6.7–12.8 | ||
| No. of cases | 5,276 | 5,387 | 5,224 | 5,302 | |||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.11) | 1.16 (1.00, 1.35) | 0.045 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.18) | 0.865 | |
| PM10 | Concentration (μg/m3, range) | 11.8–15.3 | 15.4–16.0 | 16.1–17.0 | 17.1–31.4 | ||
| No. of cases | 5,154 | 5,415 | 5,371 | 5,249 | |||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.07 (1.03, 1.11) | 1.12 (1.07, 1.16) | 1.09 (1.05, 1.13) | 1.22 (1.14, 1.31) | 1.56E-08 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.14) | 0.146 | |
| NO2 | Concentration (μg/m3, range) | 12.9–21.5 | 21.6–26.2 | 26.3–31.3 | 31.4–108.5 | ||
| No. of cases | 5,267 | 5,720 | 5,950 | 5,671 | |||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.12 (1.08, 1.16) | 1.20 (1.16, 1.25) | 1.24 (1.20, 1.29) | 1.11 (1.09, 1.13) | < 2.00E-16 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.11) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.10) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.002 | |
| NOx | Concentration (μg/m3, range) | 19.7–34.4 | 34.5–42.4 | 42.5–50.8 | 50.9–265.9 | ||
| No. of cases | 5,175 | 5,702 | 5,855 | 5,876 | |||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.13 (1.09, 1.18) | 1.22 (1.17, 1.27) | 1.29 (1.25, 1.34) | 1.05 (1.04, 1.06) | < 2.00E-16 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.04 (1.00, 1.08) | 1.08 (1.04, 1.12) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.11) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 0.004 | |
Model 1, Cox proportional hazard model, adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male/female)
Model 2, model 1 plus race (White/Mixed /Asian or Asian British/Black or Black British), alcohol consumption (never/previous/current/missing), smoking status (never/previous/current/missing), body mass index (< 25 kg/m2/25 to 29.9 kg/m2/ ≥ 30 kg/m2/ missing), education level (College or University degree, A/AS-level, O-level/GCSE, CSE, NVQ/HND/HNC, other qualifications, none), UK Biobank assessment center, physical activity (continuous, MET-min/week), diabetes at baseline (yes/no), and cardiovascular disease at baseline (yes/no)
PM2.5 fine particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm, PM2.5–10 particulate matter with diameter between 2.5 μm and 10 μm, PM10 particulate matter with diameter ≤ 10 μm, NO2 nitrogen dioxide, NOx nitrogen oxides