Table 2.

Information from the nineteen included articles about non-NIP vaccine coverage barriers

Authors and affiliations	Publication year	Methods and vaccine type	Study sites	Sample size	Access				Affordability		Awareness	Acceptance				Activation
					Capacity of the service provider	Ease of access to services	Place of residency	Supply of vaccines	Vaccine price	Government subsidy	Vaccine awareness	Vaccine safety and efficacy	Perceived susceptibility of being infected	Personal health beliefs	Interpersonal and media influence	Effective interventions
Hou et al. [43]c	2014	Stratified sampling survey e	3 provinces	1924 respondents					√	√	√	√	√	√	√
Chang et al. [44]c	2019	Multistage stratified random sampling survey d	3 provinces	1791 households	√	√	√		√			√			√
Deng et al. [45]c	2021	Convenience sampling surveyf	4 PLADs	1022 participants					√		√	√	√		√
Wang et al. [46]c	2021	Proportional sampling survey d	31 PLADs	7318 respondents							√	√	√	√	√
Si et al. [47]c	2021	Stratified sampling survey f	7 PLADs	3867 students				√	√		√	√	√	√	√
Lai et al. [48]c	2022	Multi-stage stratified sampling e	10 PLADs	1138 healthcare workers, 2973 older adults aged ≥ 65							√	√		√	√
Yin et al. [49]c	2023	Multi-stage sampling survey f	31 PLADs	5959 respondents			√		√		√	√	√	√	√
Duan et al. [50]a	2016	Commentaryd					√		√		√	√		√	√
Zhang et al. [51]b	2018	Commentaryd				√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
Wang et al. [52]a	2020	Commentaryd				√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
Wang et al. [53]c	2020	Commentaryd							√		√	√				√
Wang et al. [54]a	2021	Commentaryf			√			√	√		√	√	√		√
Wang et al. [55]b	2022	Commentaryd			√	√		√		√	√	√			√
Wang et al. [56]c	2020	Systematic reviewd		58 papers							√	√	√	√	√
Bai et al. [57]b	2022	Narrative reviewe					√		√		√	√	√		√
Wang et al. [58]c	2022	Systematic reviewf		73 papers					√		√	√	√
Gong et al. [59]c	2021	Qualitative interviewd	3 provinces	26 vaccination providers&160 caregivers	√	√
Lin et al. [60]c	2022	Qualitative interviewd	3 provinces	26 interviewees	√		√	√	√		√	√			√	√
Han et al. [61]c	2022	Multi-stage sampling survey and qualitative interviewd	3 provinces	555 for the survey and 49 for the interview	√			√	√

NIP National Immunization Program; PLADs Provincial-level administrative divisions; PCV Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; NA not applicable

^aFirst author affiliation: China CDC

^bFirst author affiliation: Provincial and municipal CDC

^cFirst author affiliation: University

^dVaccine type: non-NIP vaccine

^eVaccine type: PCV vaccine

^fVaccine type: HPV vaccine