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. 2023 Dec 8;12:103. doi: 10.1186/s40164-023-00464-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Potential strategies for targeting pyroptosis in cancer treatment. A A bioorthogonal chemical system in which cancer-imaging Phe-BF3 selectively cleaves GSDMA3 to induce pyroptosis. B NK cells and CTL-derived GZMA cleave GSDMB to induce pyroptosis. C Intravenous delivery of live Listeria activates caspase-8 and cleaves GSDMC. Although almost all chemotherapy drugs can promote GSDMC expression and nPD-L1 translocation, only antibiotics, such as daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, and actinomycin-D, have been demonstrated to activate caspase-8 and then cleave GSDMC to induce pytoptosis initiation in cancer cells. D Cisplatin, Cucurbitacin B, ZrNPs, and CXCR4-targeted nanotoxins induce cancer cell pyroptosis by activating the caspase-1/GSDMD pathway. E Chemotherapeutic drugs switch from apoptosis to pyroptosis by activating caspase-3 to cleave GSDME. Phe-BF3 Phenylalanine trifluoroborate, GSDMA Gasdermin A, NK Natural killer, CTLs cytotoxic T lymphocytes, GZMA Granzyme A, GSDMB Gasdermin B, GSDMC Gasdermin C, ZrNPs K3ZrF7: Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticles