Table 1.

The characteristics of apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis

Type of cell death	Morphological characteristics	Inducers	Initiator caspase	Major executor
Apoptosis	Bubbling plasma membrane, shrunkern cells, chromatin aggreegation and condensation	Fas, TNFR, TRAIL-R. TLRs, DNA damage, hypoxia	Caspase-8/10/3/9/6/7	Caspases
Necroptosis	Disrupted plasma membrane integrity, cell contents leakage	TNFR1, Fas, LPS, TLR3/4	Caspase-8/10	RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL
Ferroptosis	Shrunken mitochondria, increased membrane density and decreased mitochondrial cristae	Fe3 + , cystine, lipid peroxidation,	No	GPX4
Pyroptosis	Cell swelling, pore formation on cell embranes, bubbling and disrupted plasma membrane	DAMPs, PAMPs, acterial infections, LPS, chemotherapy drugs, TNF, GZMA, GZMB	Caspase-1/4/5/11/8	Gasdermins
Cuproptosis	Shrunken mitochondria, disrupted plasma membrane, damage to the endoplasmic reticulum	Cu2 +	No	FDX1