Table 2.

Summary of the identified literature.

Authors and year	Country	Journal name or congress name	Type of study	Methodology	Blockchain platform	Technology Readiness Level (TRL)	Applications in healthcare	The study aims and main results	Evaluation type and results	Value proposition
Turki et al. (47))	Tunisia	Journal of King Saud University - computer and information sciences	Developmental research	SDLC	Ethereum blockchain based on solid contracts	TRL-7	Supply chain management in the pharmaceutical	They developed and evaluated an IoT and NFT-based approach for medicines lot Traceability in a Healthcare supply chain. By using NFT on Ethereum smart contracts, it appears an actor can easily trace and prove the existence and ownership of drug lots. Furthermore, in their system, some actors can earn royalties each time a successful trade occurs on any tokenized medicine lot.	They tested and validated the approach's effectiveness in enhancing drug traceability supply chains, as well as an analysis of the approach's costs and security.	Increased traceability and decreased costs
Shae and Tsai (48)	Taiwan	IEEE Third international conference on cognitive machine intelligence	Conceptual research	Reviewed and provided a blockchain model as a conceptual model	NA	TRL-3	Health data management	This article created a blockchain-based ecosystem platform to provide controlled and secure access to medical data. This blockchain platform unlocks the academic and business value of the medical data by modeling it as NFT, providing incentives for all participants along the data-driven value chain.	NA	Increased privacy and security
Musamih et al. (49)	United Arab Emirates	IEEE transactions on engineering management	Developmental research	SDLC	Ethereum blockchain based on solid contracts	TRL-7	Supply chain management in healthcare	They proposed a non-fungible-token-based solution for the management of healthcare products, where the ownership of a product is maintained by using digital certification, the trade and delivery of healthcare products is facilitated by a smart contract, and disputes are settled by an arbitrator while keeping all related information on-chain for auditing purposes. They utilized the Interplanetary File System to store the metadata of healthcare products to avoid storing large-sized data on the blockchain.	They conducted security testing to demonstrate that their solution was resilient and secure against common vulnerabilities and exploits. They compared their solution with existing solutions to show its distinctive features and novelty. They showed the novelty and unique features of their solution by comparing it with existing solutions. They illustrated how their solution could be generalized and extended to fit the needs of other applications.	Increased decentralization, transparency, security, reliability, auditability, and trust.
Mishra and Qi (50)	USA	Review of business	Conceptual research	-	NA	TRL-3	Drug discovery	In this paper, they proposed a peer-to-peer business model for drug discovery, which democratizes the drug discovery process and reduces drug prices by cutting the intermediaries that stand between biomedical researchers and future patients.	Using extensive simulations, they showed that in the NFT mega-fund, both senior and junior tranche investors had their principals fully repaid 99.9% of the time.	Increased repaid speed
Liu et al. (51)	China	International journal of environmental research and public health	Conceptual research	Mixed quantitative and qualitative methods	NA	TRL-3	Information modeling for healing and therapeutic design	This paper aimed to develop a conceptual Blockchain enhanced Information Modeling for Healing and Therapeutic Design framework that addressed the challenges in the HTD and promoted health and wellbeing. The structure of BC-HTD framework was two-fold: (1) a conceptual high-level framework comprising three levels: user; system; and information, (2) a conceptual low-level framework of detailed content at the system level. This paper analyzed the process of BC enhanced HTD and the knowledge management of HTD to aid design decisions in managing design information.	The conceptual BC-HTD framework was validated by industry experts and academics.	The form of NFT based on the blockchain facilitates mobilizing the healing and therapeutic behaviors of designers in the use of the advantage potential of healing and therapeutic design to promote health.
Kim et al. (52)	USA	2018 IEEE 9th annual information technology, electronics and mobile communication conference	Conceptual research	NA	Ethereum blockchain based on solid contracts	TRL-3	Supply chain management in food industry	This paper introduced Harvest Network, a theoretical end-to-end, vis à vis “farm-to-fork,” food traceability application integrating the Ethereum blockchain and IoT devices exchanging GS1 message standards. The goal was to create a distributed ledger accessible for all stakeholders in the supply chain. Their design effort created a basic framework (artifact) for building a prototype or simulation using existing technologies and protocols	NA	Increased transparency in supply chain management.
Jayasinghe et al. (47)	Sri Lanka	2022 13th international conference on computing communication and networking technologies	Developmental research	SDLC	Ethereum blockchain based on solid contracts	TRL-7	Health data management for EHR	This project aimed to protect Electronic Health Records by utilizing blockchain technology and NFT to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of patient data.	Security tests	Increased confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the EHR
Do Hoang et al. (53)	Vietnam	2022 RIVF international conference on computing and communication technologies (RIVF)	Developmental research	SDLC	Hyperledger Sawtooth vl.2.6	TRL-7	Health data management for EHR	This study aimed to improve the security and privacy of exchanging EHRs using blockchain technology, IPFS, and attribute-based encryption (ABE). The study used decentralized databases and a permissioned blockchain network with multiple nodes to ensure data availability and secure data in case of incidents. BABE Health is intended to improve healthcare management systems and deal with known security flaws.	To evaluate the performance of the proposed system, they considered the latency of transaction creation, the change in data size when applying encryption, and the encryption time with various data quantities.	Improved security and privacy of EHR
Do Hoang et al. (53)	USA	Cardiovascular digital health journal	Developmental research	The Solana Programming Language command-line interface (SPL CLI) was used to create a non-fungible token	Solana Blockchain with smart contracts	TRL-3	Health data management, NFT for EKG	The Solana Network created an NFT of an EKG as a proof-of-concept on the Solana blockchain, a third-generation cryptocurrency that is the third-largest in the world by market cap. The cost of the NFT was approximately $1.20 USD and could easily be automated. Web-hosting was required to house the media file, but decentralized storage using blockchain technology could be used to securely house the file. Changing EKGs to high-quality ASCII representations using algorithms created for that purpose would be an immediate way to store the data permanently on the blockchain itself.	NA	Improved security and accessibility
Do Hoang et al. (53)	USA	Cardiovascular digital health journal	Conceptual research	They propose a schema whereby de-identified EKG metadata stored on the public blockchain could be associated with a patient-specific identifier on a second layer accessible only to healthcare institutions and patients. This is accomplished utilizing a system of smart contracts and NFTs.	Solana blockchain	TRL-2	Health data management, NFT for EKG	The study identified a method that allows for the storage of healthcare data on the public blockchain while maintaining patient confidentiality. They researchers believed that globally accessible EKG data using public blockchain technology is achievable today. They planned to create an EKG storage protocol to define a system for its governance via a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) and to address security concerns related to the use of a second layer.	NA	Maintaining patient confidentiality
Gebreab et al. (54)	United Arab Emirates	IEEE access	Developmental research	SDLC	Ethereum blockchain based on solid contracts	TRL-8	Supply chain management in medical devices	They proposed a non-fungible token (NFT) based on a solution that exploited blockchain smart contracts, integrated tokenization protocols, and utilized a decentralized storage system for a reliable and efficient medical devices traceability system and ownership management solution.	The paper also presented testing details and analyses of the solution's feasibility through a cost and security analysis.	Increased security and reliability
								In their proposed system, NFTs are used to represent the digital twin of the medical device. This digital twin captures the medical device attributes and its relevant metadata during its life cycle from production, manufacturing, distribution and movement to current use and ownership. They present the system architecture and implementation details, along with tested algorithms that define the various functions of our smart contracts.
Gebreab et al. (54)	Italy	Computer communications	Developmental research	SDLC	NA	TRL-6	Infection tracking and notification system	This paper presented a contact tracing protocol based on blockchain technology that exploits smart contracts for reporting contacts at risk of contagion. The novelty of the proposed solution is the use of NFTs to guarantee user privacy through a decentralized approach, equipped with a reliable non-proprietary notification mechanism that allows public access to anonymous infections data. The proposed solution guarantees the privacy of system users and is equipped with a notification mechanism based on ERC721 tokens. The non-fungible nature of these tokens guarantees the impossibility of producing false notifications and guarantees the unrepeatable outcome of the diagnostic test.	To evaluate the performance of the proposed system, the Besu client configuration was measured. Also, contact tracing systems were compared, to provide more information about the performance of the proposed approach.	Increased user privacy
Bala et al. (55)	India	2022 IEEE international conference on blockchain and distributed systems security (ICBDS)	Developmental research	SDLC	Ethereum blockchain based on solid contracts	TRL-5	Health data management, NFT for	The authors presented a solution to the problems faced by the healthcare industry in maintaining electronic health records (EHR) and the supply chain for tracking medicines and identifying dishonest distributers. The insurance claim feature ensures that the money is transferred securely and handles all edge cases. The user-friendly user interface makes the whole process easy and quick for the client. The present problems can not only be solved with an Ethereum blockchain, but in future they can also work in wider scope in future, as mentioned above.	Performance evaluation	Increase security