Table 3.
Prevalence ratio of undiagnosed vs. diagnosed diabetes in males and females
| Characteristics | Undiagnosed vs. diagnosed diabetes prevalence ratio (95% CI) |
Undiagnosed vs. diagnosed diabetes prevalence ratio (95% CI) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Male
|
Female
|
|||
|
|
Unadjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI)
|
Adjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI)
|
Unadjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI)
|
Adjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI)
|
|
Age group (ref: 15-24)
|
|
|
|
|
| 25-34 |
1.21 (0.91-1.62) |
1.20 (0.91-1.58) |
1.16 (1.04-1.29)* |
1.12 (0.99-1.26) |
| 35-44 |
1.19 (0.91-1.56) |
1.21 (0.92-1.58) |
1.25 (1.13-1.39)* |
1.20 (1.07-1.35)* |
| 45-49 |
1.01 (0.76-1.34) |
1.05 (0.78-1.41) |
1.05 (0.94-1.18) |
1.05 (0.92-1.19) |
|
Wealth index (ref: richest)
|
|
|
|
|
| Poorest |
1.35 (0.99-1.86) |
1.55 (1.14-2.11)* |
1.45 (1.30-1.61)* |
1.33 (1.17-1.52)* |
| Poor |
1.49 (1.14-1.94)* |
1.58 (1.24-2.02)* |
1.31 (1.18-1.45)* |
1.19 (1.06-1.33)* |
| Middle |
1.46 (1.12-1.90)* |
1.50 (1.19-1.89)* |
1.31 (1.18-1.45)* |
1.18 (1.06-1.31)* |
| Richer |
1.31 (1.00-1.71)* |
1.28 (1.01-1.63)* |
1.22 (1.10-1.34)* |
1.12 (1.01-1.23)* |
|
Educational level (ref: higher)
|
|
|
|
|
| No education |
0.99 (0.70-1.39) |
|
1.55 (1.35-1.77)* |
1.33 (1.16-1.53)* |
| Primary |
1.13 (0.83-1.54) |
|
1.38 (1.19-1.59)* |
1.22 (1.05-1.40)* |
| Secondary |
1.07 (0.85-1.34) |
|
1.25 (1.10-1.43)* |
1.14 (1.01-1.29)* |
|
Place of residence (ref: rural)
|
|
|
|
|
| Urban |
0.90 (0.74-1.08) |
|
0.84 (0.78-0.89)* |
0.89 (0.82-0.97)* |
|
Region of country (ref: north)
|
|
|
|
|
| Central |
1.31 (1.06-1.63)* |
1.15 (0.92-1.43) |
1.23 (1.11-1.36)* |
1.10(0.98,1.22) |
| East |
1.14 (0.87-1.50) |
0.96 (0.72-1.27) |
1.31 (1.17-1.46)* |
1.30(1.15,1.46)* |
| Northeast |
1.39 (1.02-1.89)* |
1.11 (0.81-1.52) |
0.92 (0.80-1.05) |
0.93(0.79,1.09) |
| West |
1.65 (1.31-2.10)* |
1.52 (1.21-1.90)* |
1.92 (1.71-2.16)* |
1.82(1.63,2.03)* |
| South |
1.43 (1.14-1.78)* |
1.30 (1.03-1.63)* |
1.41 (1.28-1.55)* |
1.34(1.20,1.49)* |
|
Milk/curd (ref: daily)
|
|
|
|
|
| Weekly |
0.99 (0.78-1.26) |
|
0.99 (0.92-1.08) |
0.99(0.92,1.07) |
| Never/occasionally |
0.98 (0.80-1.22) |
|
1.10 (1.02-1.19)* |
1.10(1.01,1.19)* |
|
Pulses/beans (ref: daily)
|
|
|
|
|
| Weekly |
0.96 (0.81-1.14) |
|
1.14 (1.07-1.22)* |
1.06(0.99,1.13) |
| Never/occasionally |
0.88 (0.65-1.19) |
|
0.96 (0.86-1.08) |
0.87(0.77,0.98)* |
|
Green leafy vegetables (ref: daily)
|
|
|
|
|
| Weekly |
1.00 (0.84-1.19) |
|
1.14 (1.07-1.22)* |
1.06(0.99,1.13) |
| Never/occasionally |
1.24 (0.87-1.78) |
|
1.19 (1.08-1.32)* |
1.15(1.03,1.27)* |
|
Fruits (ref: daily)
|
|
|
|
|
| Weekly |
1.18 (0.87,1.61) |
|
1.21 (1.09-1.34)* |
1.04(0.94,1.15) |
| Never/occasionally |
1.22 (0.90,1.65) |
|
1.29 (1.17-1.42)* |
1.02(0.92,1.13) |
|
Eggs (ref: daily)
|
|
|
|
|
| Weekly |
1.67 (1.18-2.37)* |
1.43 (1.02-2.02)* |
1.19 (1.03-1.38)* |
1.09(0.95,1.25) |
| Never/occasionally |
1.54 (1.07-2.22)* |
1.29 (0.89-1.86) |
1.11 (0.96-1.29) |
0.99(0.85,1.14) |
|
Fish (ref: daily)
|
|
|
|
|
| Weekly |
0.93 (0.65-1.33) |
|
1.31 (1.11-1.56)* |
1.14(0.97,1.34) |
| Never/occasionally |
0.97 (0.68-1.38) |
|
1.37 (1.16-1.61)* |
1.27(1.08,1.50)* |
|
Chicken (ref: daily)
|
|
|
|
|
| Weekly |
1.52 (0.79-2.96) |
|
0.99 (0.78-1.26) |
|
| Never/occasionally |
1.43 (0.74-2.77) |
|
0.91 (0.72-1.16) |
|
|
Fried food (ref: daily)
|
|
|
|
|
| Weekly |
0.93 (0.67-1.28) |
|
1.32 (1.16-1.50)* |
1.15(1.01,1.31)* |
| Never/occasionally |
0.96 (0.72-1.28) |
|
1.43 (1.26-1.63)* |
1.20(1.05,1.36)* |
|
Aerated drinks (ref: daily)
|
|
|
|
|
| Weekly |
1.32 (0.85-2.06) |
1.16 (0.77-1.75) |
0.95 (0.76-1.20) |
|
| Never/occasionally |
1.32 (0.88-1.98) |
1.10 (0.75-1.62) |
1.14 (0.92-1.42) |
|
|
Tobacco usage (ref: no)
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
1.07 (0.87-1.30) |
|
1.30 (1.12-1.50)* |
1.22(1.06,1.41)* |
|
Body mass index (ref: normal)
|
|
|
|
|
| Underweight |
0.93 (0.69-1.25) |
0.90 (0.67-1.22) |
1.04 (0.94-1.16) |
0.98(0.88,1.09) |
| Overweight |
1.06 (0.84-1.34) |
1.10 (0.88-1.37) |
1.05 (0.95-1.15) |
1.10(1.00,1.21)* |
| Obese 1 |
1.04 (0.82-1.32) |
1.10 (0.88-1.38) |
1.14 (1.05-1.23)* |
1.25(1.16,1.35)* |
| Obese 2 |
1.50 (1.12-2.00)* |
1.72 (1.33-2.22)* |
1.13 (1.04-1.24)* |
1.40(1.27,1.53)* |
|
Number of comorbidities (ref: more than one)
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
3.55 (1.66-7.57)* |
3.25 (1.53-6.87)* |
4.14 (3.29-5.21)* |
4.17(3.31,5.24)* |
| One |
1.35 (0.56-3.22) |
1.23 (0.52-2.94) |
2.00 (1.57-2.55)* |
2.00(1.58,2.56)* |
|
Healthcare access (ref: yes)
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
1.16 (0.99-1.36) |
1.18 (1.01-1.38)* |
1.08 (1.01-1.14)* |
1.03(0.97,1.09) |
|
Alcohol usage (ref: no)
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes | 1.05 (0.86-1.29) | 1.11 (0.88-1.40) | ||
CI – confidence interval
*Significant at P <0.05.