TABLE 3.

Multi-level ordered logistic regression of the association between labour migration and household food security, MMWL panel.

	Odds ratios
Covariates	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
HH’s migration status
Migrant’s HH with large transfers (Ref.)	1	1	1	1	1
Migrant’s HH with some transfers	0.80	0.82	0.88	0.81	0.88
Migrant’s HH with no or few transfers	0.65	0.72	0.80	0.65	0.82
Non-migrant’s HH	0.61**	0.62**	0.73	0.61**	0.72*
Not-married woman’s HH	0.21**	0.23**	0.30**	0.21**	0.29**
HH’s agricultural resources and investment
HH’s farm size (hectares)		1.11*			1.09*
HH’s # of cattle		1.00			1.00
HH’s # of small animals		0.99			0.99
HH does not hire paid agricultural labour (Ref.)		1			1
HH hires paid agricultural labour		1.41*			1.20
HH housing conditions and assets index			1.30**		1.29**
Woman is employed outside subsistence farming
No (Ref.)				1	1
Yes				1.05	1.08
Woman’s age
41 years or more (Ref.)	1	1	1	1	1
36–40 years	0.80	0.84	0.82	0.80	0.84
31–35 years	1.02	1.07	1.06	1.03	1.09
26–30 years	1.06	1.13	1.13	1.06	1.18
21–25 years	1.00	1.03	1.05	1.00	1.07
Woman’s education
5 years or more (Ref.)	1	1	1	1	1
1–4 years	0.61**	0.62**	0.72*	0.61**	0.72*
No education	0.49**	0.51**	0.64**	0.49**	0.64**
Woman’s decision-making autonomy	0.96	0.96	0.96	0.96	0.95
HH dependency ratio	1.04	1.05	1.02	1.05	1.03
Village-level random intercept (variance)	0.80**	0.80**	0.83**	0.80**	0.83**
N	1579	1579	1579	1579	1579

Abbreviations: HH, household; Ref., reference.

^*p < 0.05.

^**p < 0.01.