Figure 1. GRAd confers durable protection against BA.5 in the lower airway.

(A–C) BAL was collected at days 2, 4 and 8 following challenge with 8 × 10⁵ PFU BA.5.

(A) BA.5 sgRNA_N copy numbers per mL of BAL in control NHP.

(B) BA.5 sgRNA_N copy numbers per mL of BAL in GRAd, S-2P+S-2P, GRAd+S-2P and GRAd(AE)-S-2P NHP.

(C) BA.5 sgRNA_N copy numbers per mL of BAL in GRAd, S-2P+S-2P, GRAd+S-2P and GRAd(AE)-S-2P NHP boosted with mRNA at week 48.

Circles (A–C) indicate individual NHP. Error bars represent interquartile range with the median denoted by a horizontal line. Assay limit of detection indicated by a dotted horizontal line. Statistical analysis shown for corresponding timepoints between control and test group (e.g., ‘*’ symbols denote comparisons at day 2, ‘^#’ symbols denote comparison at day 4). *,^# p <0.05, **,^## p <0.01, *** p <0.001. Eight control NHP and 4 immunized NHP per cohort.

See also Figure S1 for experimental schema, Figure S2 for BA.5 titration in NHP, Figure S3 for viral load and Figure S4 for lung pathology.