Table 3.

Effects of infrared radiation on drying kinetics.

FVs	The Initial Moisture Content	Drying Conditions	Main Results	References
Apple	5.89 ± 0.1 kg water/kg dm	Voltage: 220 V, wavelength: 3 μm, radiative heat flux: 0.11 W/m2	The combination of IR drying and plasma treatment reduced the drying time by 18.0%, 13.0% and 10.5% for 5 mm, 7 mm and 10 mm apple slices, respectively, and reduced the total specific energy consumption.	Khudyakov et al. [92]
Açai puree	94.65 ± 0.10%	Radiation power: 100 W, Infrared intensity: 2.0 W/m2, vacuum pressure: 99.8 Pa, T: 32–35 °C	Near IRFD and far IRFD saves 49.42% and 33.40% of drying time, respectively.	Oliveira et al. [52]
Banana	-	Radiant energy: 2.7 kW/m2, vacuum pressure: 267 Pa, distance: 150 mm; cold trap temperature: −100 °C	Continuous IRAFD can significantly reduce the drying time up to 213 min, saving more than 70% of time. Continuous IRAFD-2.7 kW/m2 fast drying can save electricity up to 8.4 × 103 kJ.	Khampakool et al. [86]
Chives	90.74 ± 0.86%	T = 70 ± 5 °C	CIRD-FD significantly reduces the drying time for each intermediate moisture content by 1.1 to 3.8 h.	Gu et al. [90]
Cordyceps militaris	636.92% db	Pressure: 80 Pa, the heat flux value: 0.703 W/cm2, T = 40, 50, 60, 70 °C	Under constant temperature drying conditions, RFD drying time is 7.21–17.78% shorter and energy consumption is 11.88–18.37% lower than TFD.	Wu et al. [89]
Pumpkin	89.91 ± 0.29 g/ 100 g wb	Wavelength: 5–15 μm, T: 60 °C, t: 6 h	Compared to FD, FD-FIRD reduces the drying time and increases the hardness of the dried sample.	Chao et al. [91]
Pear	81.03% wb	Infrared intensity: 3–5.5 kW/m2, wavelength of radiation: 2.4–3.0 µm	Mid-infrared freeze drying (MIR-FD) is fast and the drying time is 14.3~42.9% shorter than the FD method, and has a better rehydration capacity.	Antal et al. [87]
Quinoa	10.3 ± 0.05% wb	Maximum heat flux density: 0.703 W/m2, W = 3 μm, pressure: 80 Pa, Infrared heating temperature: 50 °C, cold trap temperature: −40 °C	IRFD technology saves 18.2–22.7% of drying time compared to FD technology and maintains good rehydration capacity, texture and color.	Chen et al. [93]
Rose flowers	82%	Pressure: 80 ± 3 Pa, the infrared glass lamps: 100 W, Infrared heating temperature: 50, 60, 70 °C, cold trap temperature: −40 °C	Compared to FD, IRPSFD offers a reduction in processing time of 8–30% and total energy savings of 15–36%.	Hnin et al. [85]
Strawberry	-	Radiation energy: 1.6 kW/m2, vacuum: 6.67 Pa; T = 25 °C	Compared to FD, continuous IRAFD significantly reduces drying times and consumes 42% less power.	Kang et al. [88]
Shiitake mushroom	84 ± 1.7%	Wavelength zone: 2.3–3 μm, maximum power: 2.1 kW, Heating intensity: 5.8 kW/m2, T = 60 °C	MIRD in combination with FD saves 48% of drying time.	Wang et al. [94]