Table 4.
Changes in quality of life based on mean difference in domains and total CPQ11–14 according to demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical variables.
| Change in Quality of Life | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domains/Total Score | OS | FL | EW | SW | Total Score | OS | FL | EW | SW | Total Score |
| T0–T1 | T0–T4 | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 1.34 (1.11) | 2.03 (1.93) | 1.80 (2.26) | 0.97 (1.65) | 4.43 (3.55) | 2.66 (1.64) | 1.94 (1.91) | 2.83 (3.24) | 2.37 (2.43) | 8.26 (7.42) |
| Female | 1.54 (1.33) | 2.10 (2.17) | 1.44 (1.71) | 1.49 (2.22) | 5.15 (4.62) | 2.56 (1.96) | 2.20 (2.36) | 3.05 (2.94) | 2.10 (2.66) | 8.15 (7.45) |
| Age group | ||||||||||
| 11 to 14 years | 1.48 (1.25) | 2.11 (2.29) | 1.48 (1.81) | 1.30 (2.31) | 5.14 (4.69) | 2.80 (1.88) | 2.48 (2.34) | 2.50 (3.03) | 2.45 (2.92) | 8.59 (8,48) |
| 15 to 17 years | 1.41 (1.21) | 2.0 (1.70) | 1.78 (2.21) | 1.19 (1.44) | 4.38 (3.29) | 2.34 (1.72) | 1.53 (1.76) | 3.56 (3.05) | 1.91 (1.90) | 7.66 (5.63) |
| Self-declared skin color | ||||||||||
| Brown | 1.20 (1.00) | 2.14 (2.26) | 1.52 (1.94) | 1.18 (2.08) * | 4.41 (4.39) | 2.50 (1.91) | 1.91 (2.23) | 3.50 (3.09) | 2.59 (2.67) * | 9.23 (7.48) |
| Black | 2.06 (1.53) | 1.75 (1.61) | 1.88 (2.36) | 2.00 (2.09) | 5.94 (3.47) | 3.0 (2.03) | 2.13 (2.03) | 2.69 (3.18) | 2.56 (2.68) | 8.38 (8.37) |
| White | 1.50 (1.31) | 2.19 (1.91) | 1.56 (1.75) | 0.69 (1.40) | 4.81 (4.14) | 2.50 (1.27) | 2.50 (2.10) | 1.69 (2.60) | 0.88 (1.50) | 5.19 (5.40) |
| Caregiver’s schooling | ||||||||||
| <8 years of study | 1.87 (1.39) | 2.09 (2.02) | 1.74 (2.13) | 1.22 (1.90) | 5.17 (4.42) | 2.22 (1.81) | 2.0 (1.54) | 2.48 (2.78) | 1.70 (2.25) | 6.22 (6.80) |
| ≥8 years of study | 1.26 (1.11) | 2.06 (2.08) | 1.55 (1.92) | 1.26 (2.04) | 4.66 (4.07) | 2.77 (1.80) | 2.11 (2.38) | 3.15 (3.18) | 2.45 (2.65) | 9.06 (7.52) |
| Family income ¥ | ||||||||||
| <2 × BMMW | 1.82 (1.38) * | 2.21 (2.27) | 1.42 (1.92) | 1.33 (1.81) | 5.27 (3.92) | 2.58 (1.99) | 2.30 (2.11) | 2.91 (2.90) | 2.27 (2.04) | 8.06 (6.90) |
| 2 to <5 × BMMW | 1.26 (1.11) | 2.24 (2.00) | 1.76 (2.07) | 1.24 (2.28) | 4.74 (4.61) | 2.56 (1.76) | 1.71 (2.14) | 2.88 (3.15) | 1.94 (2.81) | 7.97 (7.56) |
| 5 to <10 × BMMW | 0.78 (0.44) | 0.89 (0.78) | 1.67 (2.00) | 1.00 (1.50) | 3.44 (3.09) | 2.89 (1.45) | 2.67 (2.34) | 3.33 (3.60) | 3.11 (3.18) | 9.56 (9.12) |
| Malocclusion | ||||||||||
| Class I | 1.33 (1.08) | 1.89 (1.97) | 1.51 (1.97) | 0.98 (1.49) | 4.00 (2.76) | 2.56 (1.82) | 1.79 (1.94) * | 2.88 (3.03) | 1.93 (2.21) | 7.68 (6.68) |
| Class II | 1.93 (1.77) | 2.93 (2.43) | 2.21 (1.93) | 2.07 (2.89) | 8.29 (6.74) | 2.86 (1.75) | 3.36 (2.65) | 3.29 (3.02) | 3.07 (3.10) | 10.14 (8.67) |
| Class III | 1.40 (0.89) | 1.60 (1.52) | 1.00 (2.23) | 2.00 (3.39) | 4.40 (4.16) | 2.40 (2.19) | 1.80 (2.05) | 2.80 (4.08) | 3.20 (4.08) | 8.60 (11.05) |
T0–T1: prior to onset of treatment minus one week after bonding of orthodontic brackets; T0–T4: prior to onset of treatment minus six months after bonding of orthodontic brackets; ¥ missing data; * p < 0.05; Kruskal–Wallis test; Mann–Whitney test.