Table 2.
Adiposity markers in all groups of rats.
| Parameter | STD | XH | HFD | HFD + XH | HFD + XH + CC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Final body weight (g) | 429.3 ± 37.3 | 419.8 ± 33.5 | 537.4 ± 47.4 ***,### | 423.6 ± 31.9 $$$ | 524.4 ± 51.7 ***,###,&&& |
| Subcutaneous fat (g) | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 8.2 ± 0.7 ***,### | 4.8 ± 0.4 *,$$$ | 7.9 ± 0.8 ***,###,&&& |
| Epididymal fat (g) | 6.8 ± 0.6 | 6.1 ± 0.7 | 13.5 ± 1.5 ***,### | 8.3 ± 0.8 *,#,$$$ | 14.1 ± 1.3 ***,###,&&& |
| Peritoneal fat (g) | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 7.6 ± 0.5 ***,### | 4.3 ± 0.3 *,#,$$$ | 7.1 ± 0.8 ***,###,&&& |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 111.4 ± 9.7 | 94.2 ± 8.6 ** | 178.1 ± 16.4 ***,### | 116.3 ± 10.1 #,$$$ | 169.8 ± 11.4 ***,###,&&& |
| Fasting insulin (µIU/mL) | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 7.9 ± 0.7 ***,### | 5.1 ± 0.5 **,#,$$$ | 8.2 ± 0.7 ***,###,&&& |
| HOMA-IR | 1.17 ± 0.1 | 0.91 ± 0.08 * | 3.2 ± 0.4 ***,### | 1.5 ± 0.2 **,###,$$$ | 3.4 ± 0.4 ***,###,&&& |
| Serum leptin (ng/mL) | 34.2 ± 3.4 | 36.5 ± 3.1 | 94.5 ± 8.3 ***,### | 46.7 ± 5.1 **,##,$$$ | 89.5± 9.4 ***,###,&&& |
| Serum FFAs (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.84 ± 0.05 * | 2.7 ± 0.2 ***,### | 1.4 ± 0.1 *,###,$$$ | 2.5 ± 0.3 ***,###,&&& |
| Serum TNF-α (pg/mL) | 265.2 ± 19.2 | 187.2 ± 15.7 * | 655.3 ± 57.4 ***,### | 349.1 ± 28.3 *,###,$$$ | 638.9 ± 68.3 ***,###,&&& |
Data are presented as means ± SD for n = 8 rats/group. (*, **, ***): significantly differed with STD group at p < 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively; (#, ##, ###): significantly differed with XH-treated group at p < 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively; ($$$): significantly differed with HFD group at p < 0.001; (&&&): significantly differed with HFD + XH group at p < 0.001. TNF-α: tumor necrosis-factor-α; FFAs: free fatty acids; and HOMA-IR: the homeostasis model of insulin resistance index.