Table 7.

The Bioactive peptides from various insects and their potential health benefits.

Insect Source	Enzyme Used	Identified Peptides	Bioactivity	Reference
Silkworm/domestic silk moth (Bombyx mori)	Pepsin, trypsin, R-chymotrypsin	simulated the human gastrointestinal hydrolysate	ACE inhibitory effects, with 100% activity in hydrolysates	[85]
Cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis)	Pepsin, trypsin and α-chymotrypsin	Ala-Val-Phe	In vitro ACE inhibitory activity (IC50: 2123 μM)	[95]
Mealworm larva (Tenebrio molitor)	Alcalase	Tyr–Ala–Asn	ACE inhibitory activity (IC50: 0.017 mg/mL)	[89]
Silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori)	Alcalase, Prolyve, Flavourzyme, Brewers Clarex	SWFVTPF, NDVLFF	Antioxidant activity (ROS reduction, superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression and glutathione (GSH) production activity)	[90]
Tropical house crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus)	Alcalase-generated protein hydrolysates	YKPRP, PHGAP, VGPPQ	Anti-hypertensive, anti-glycemic, anti-inflammatory activities	[91]
Black soldier fly (Hermetia Illucens)	--------------------------	Hill-Cec1, Hill-Cec10	Antimicrobial activity against various pathogens	[96]
Silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori)	Acidic protease, Neutral protease	FKGPACA, SVLGTGC	Antioxidant activity, ABTS radical scavenging	[97]
Crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus)	Alcalase	TEAPLNPK, EVGA, KLL, TGNLPGAAHPLLL, AHLLT, LSPLYE, AGVL, VAAV, VAGL, QLL	Antioxidant activity	[98]
White-spotted flower chafer larva (Protaetia brevitarsis)	Flavourzyme	Ser-Tyr, Pro-Phe, Tyr-Pro-Tyr, Trp-Ile	ACE inhibitory activity, NO production in cells	[99]
Brown seaweed (Laminaria digitate)	Hydrolysates, fermentation generated peptides or generated from high-pressure processing	YIGNNPAKGGLF, IGNNPAKGGLF, and others (130 in total)	ACE-1 inhibitory activity, Potential DPP-IV inhibition	[100]